Influences of Attention and Noticing on Second Language Acquisition

This study aims to investigate how realizing problems during translation from Japanese to English and noticing fonns in written model sentences encoumge learners to internalize linguistic items. Thirty nine university students, classified into 3 proficiency levels, took part in an experiment, in which they wrote down problems they had realized while translating Japanese into English and also took notes of what fonns they had noticed in looking at model sentences. A post test was given in the following week to examine how the participants internalized target linguistic items. The results are: 1) realizing problems and noticing forms prompt the immediate internalization of linguistic items and play an important role in mapping already learned foons with the new meanings in all proficiency levels, and 2) realizing problems and noticing fonns make advanced learners internalize more linguistic items

ミトコンドリアの呼吸活性に対する酸素輸送担体の発現量の意義

金沢大学人間科学系本研究は、酸素輸送担体:ミオグロビン(Mb)を過剰発現あるいは発現抑制する骨格筋培養細胞系を確立するとともに、骨格筋細胞内のMb発現量を調節した時のMbとミトコンドリアの相互作用、親和性、ならびに筋細胞の呼吸活性について検証することを目的とした。本年度は、1)骨格筋芽細胞の選択と筋管への分化条件の検討、2)Mbを過剰発現させるための発現ベクターの作製に取り組んだ。その結果、次のような成果を得た。1)骨格筋培養細胞としてラット由来骨格筋芽細胞(L6)を用いたが、推奨培養条件では筋管形成が十分ではないため、インスリン刺激による分化誘導を試みた。細胞培養液へのインスリン添加を行ったところ、分化が促進され、筋管細胞が増加したL6細胞を得た。また、分化による発現タンパク質の経時変化を観察したところ、インスリン刺激によりミトコンドリアマーカータンパク質の増加が確認された。2)Mbを過剰発現させるため、哺乳類細胞で高レベルの発現を行うCMVプロモーター搭載のpcDNA3ベクターを用い、Mb cDNAをTAクローニングにより組み込んだ。さらに、過剰発現させた際にタンパク質相互作用、親和性を確認するため、エピトープタグであるc-mycを付加し、myc/Mb/pcDNA3発現ベクターを得た。c-mycは免疫反応性の高いエピトープタグであり、大きさが比較的小さいため、Mbのような低分子タンパク質の機能を阻害しにくいと考えられる。来年度は,作製した発現ベクターを用いて遺伝子導入を行い、Mbを安定して過剰発現するL6骨格筋芽細胞株を作製し、Mbとミトコンドリアとの関連性や呼吸活性の変化の解明に取り掛かる予定である。研究課題/領域番号:22800023, 研究期間(年度):2010 – 2011出典：研究課題「ミトコンドリアの呼吸活性に対する酸素輸送担体の発現量の意義」課題番号22800023（KAKEN：科学研究費助成事業データベース（国立情報学研究所）） （https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/ja/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-22800023/）を加工して作

Increase in the infield critical current density of MgB₂ thin films by high-temperature post-annealing

We propose a novel fabrication technique based on the formation of a Nb protective layer on a MgB₂ hin film and high-temperature post-annealing to increase the critical current density (Jc) of MgB₂ films under an external magnetic field. Analyses of the crystal structure and the composition of the processed MgB₂ films confirmed the suppression of the evaporation and oxidation of Mg by high-temperature annealing above 550 °C. The MgB₂ film annealed at 650 °C exhibited a Jc of 1.62 MA cm⁻² under 5 T, which is the highest reported value for MgB₂ films, wires, and bulk samples to date

Current Trends in Pediatric Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery

Over the past two decades, laparoscopic and robotic surgery in children has been described as a viable minimally invasive alternative to open surgery for many pediatric urologic conditions. With the goal of reducing the morbidity associated with open surgery, minimally invasive surgery in children is increasingly being performed as laparoscopic and robotic patients appear to be experiencing shorter hospital stays, decreased pain medication requirements, and the potential for improved cosmesis. This article provides an overview of the existing literature in laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic urologic surgery in children. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery appears to be safe and effective in children for a wide range of ablative and reconstructive procedures. Conventional laparoscopic surgery is effective for ablative procedures, while robotic surgery may be ideally suited for reconstructive cases requiring advanced suturing and dissection. Overall, more prospective studies are needed to study the long-term outcomes of minimally invasive surgery in pediatric patients, and the appropriate use of the available technology