Self-trapped electrons and holes in PbBr2_2 crystals

We have directly observed self-trapped electrons and holes in PbBr$_{2}$ crystals with electron-spin-resonance (ESR) technique. The self-trapped states are induced below 8 K by two-photon interband excitation with pulsed 120-fs-width laser light at 3.10 eV. Spin-Hamiltonian analyses of the ESR signals have revealed that the self-trapping electron centers are the dimer molecules of Pb$_2$$^{3+}$ along the crystallographic a axis and the self-trapping hole centers are those of Br$_2$$^-$ with two possible configurations in the unit cell of the crystal. Thermal stability of the self-trapped electrons and holes suggests that both of them are related to the blue-green luminescence band at 2.55 eV coming from recombination of spatially separated electron-hole pairs.Comment: 8 pages (7 figures, 2 tables), ReVTEX; revised the text and figures 1, 4, and

Self-trapped states and the related luminescence in PbCl2_2 crystals

We have comprehensively investigated localized states of photoinduced electron-hole pairs with electron-spin-resonance technique and photoluminescence (PL) in a wide temperature range of 5-200 K. At low temperatures below 70 K, holes localize on Pb$^{2+}$ ions and form self-trapping hole centers of Pb$^{3+}$. The holes transfer to other trapping centers above 70 K. On the other hand, electrons localize on two Pb$^{2+}$ ions at higher than 50 K and form self-trapping electron centers of Pb$_2$$^{3+}$. From the thermal stability of the localized states and PL, we clarify that blue-green PL band at 2.50 eV is closely related to the self-trapped holes.Comment: 8 pages (10 figures), ReVTEX; removal of one figure, Fig. 3 in the version

Reciprocal transmittances and reflectances: An elementary proof

We present an elementary proof concerning reciprocal transmittances and reflectances. The proof is direct, simple, and valid for the diverse objects that can be absorptive and induce diffraction and scattering, as long as the objects respond linearly and locally to electromagnetic waves. The proof enables students who understand the basics of classical electromagnetics to grasp the physical basis of reciprocal optical responses. In addition, we show an example to demonstrate reciprocal response numerically and experimentally.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. RevTEX4. Improved wording. Physics Educatio

A rare case of dual origin of the left vertebral artery without convergence

A case of dual origin of the left vertebral artery was encountered in a dissection course for medical students in 2014. Two vertebral arteries were observed on the left side. One arose from the aortic arch between the origin of the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery, entered the transverse foramen of the 4th cervical vertebra, and coursed upward into the transverse foramen. The other arose from the left subclavian artery as expected, divided into two branches anterior to the cervical vertebrae, and entered the transverse foramina of the 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae. Both branches flowed into the anterior spinal artery. Moreover, as seen in other anomalies, 3 arterial fenestrations were observed in the cranial arteries. This case is extremely unique with respect to the following points: the 2 ipsilateral vertebral arteries did not combine to form 1 vertebral artery, the vertebral artery of subclavian artery origin entered the transverse foramen of the 7th cervical vertebra, and 3 fenestrations were observed in the intracranial arteries. This is a very suggestive case for neurosurgeons and radiologists who perform treatments involving the vertebral artery

Fenestration of the Proximal Left Ovarian Vein.

A fenestration in the left ovarian vein was found in a fresh-frozen female cadaver. The opening did not have any vessels or additional anatomical structures passing through it. The ovarian vein is also referred to as the female gonadal vein. This type of anatomical variation is clinically relevant in procedures that deal with the manipulation of the gonadal veins, specifically conditions such as ovarian vein thrombosis, ovarian vein stenosis, and pelvic congestion syndrome

Clinical Anatomy of the Frenulum of the Oral Vestibule.

Introduction The frenula of the oral vestibule include the labial and buccal frenula. Abnormal labial and buccal frenula can affect facial esthetics and oral cavity function by retracting the gingival margin, creating a median diastema, and limiting lip movement. Because of the lack of information on these structures, we aimed to clarify their anatomy. Methods A total of 34 sides from 17 fresh frozen cadaveric Caucasian heads were used in the present study. The specimens were derived from 11 male and 6 female adult cadavers. The relationships between the frenulum of the mucosa and the tissue underneath the mucosa was observed. Results The buccal frenulum was formed by the border of mimetic muscles and connective tissues. Comparitively, the labial frenulum was only formed by taut connective tissue. Conclusion We found that the buccal and labial frenula have different compositions. This finding may have relevance both in oral surgery and in various cosmetic procedures near the oral vestibule

A Comprehensive Review of the Fabella Bone.

The fabella is a sesamoid bone that is embedded in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle and often articulates directly with the lateral femoral condyle. It is present in 10-30% of the general population with a higher incidence in Asians. The fabella can lead to various pathologies such as fabella pain syndrome and common fibular nerve palsy. Conservative treatment involves physical therapy or injecting local anesthetics or steroids around this bone. However, if symptoms persist, then a fabellectomy can be performed. Physicians should be aware of the fabella bone and the multiple pathologies associated with it in order to provide the best treatment and management for patients

Variant Distal Ulnar Nerve Loop: A Previously Undescribed Anatomical Finding.

A previously undescribed variant ulnar nerve loop was discovered during the routine anatomic forearm and hand dissection of an adult female. The major finding was that of a large loop traveling around the distal tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris. The variation presented here appears to be unique. The exact function of such derailed anatomy is not clear but, if found during surgery, might confound normal dissection methods or, when present, could result in varied clinical presentations regarding the sensory or motor examination of the hand