The association of early life socioeconomic conditions with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes: results from the Maastricht study

markdownabstractBackground: Using cross-sectional data from The Maastricht Study, we examined the association of socioeconomic conditions in early life with prediabetes and T2DM in adulthood. We also examined potential mediating pathways via both adulthood socioeconomic conditions and adult BMI and health behaviours. Methods: Of the 3263 participants (aged 40-75 years), 493 had prediabetes and 906 were diagnosed with T2DM. By using logistic regression analyses, the associations and possible mediating pathways were examined. Results: Participants with low early life socioeconomic conditions had a 1.56 times higher odds of prediabetes (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.21-2.02) and a 1.61 times higher odds of T2DM (95% CI = 1.31-1.99). The relation between low early life socioeconomic conditions and prediabetes was independent of current socioeconomic conditions (OR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.05-1.80), whereas the relation with T2DM was not independent of current socioeconomic conditions (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.87-1.37). BMI party mediated the association between early life socioeconomic conditions and prediabetes. Conclusions: Socioeconomic inequalities starting in early life were associated with diabetes-related outcomes in adulthood and suggest the usefulness of early life interventions aimed at tackling these inequalities

Sleep, 24-hour activity rhythms, and cardiometabolic risk factors in school-age children

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Disturbed sleep and 24-hour activity rhythms are linked to adverse cardiometabolic profiles in adults and adolescents, and these associations may originate in early life. We aimed to study associations of sleep and 24-hour rhythms with cardiometabolic risk factors in school-age children.METHODS:This cross-sectional population-based study comprised 894 children aged 8-11 years from the Generation R Study. Sleep (duration, efficiency, number of awakenings, and time awake after sleep onset) and 24-hour activity rhythms (social jet lag, interdaily stability, and intradaily variability) were assessed using triaxial wrist actigraphy for 9 consecutive nights. Cardiometabolic risk factors included adiposity (body mass index Z-score, fat mass index using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and visceral fat mass and liver fat fraction using magnetic resonance imaging), blood pressure, and blood markers (glucose, insulin, and lipids). We adjusted for season, age, sociodemographics, and lifestyle factors.RESULTS: Each increase in interquartile range of nightly awakenings (2 times) was associated with -0.12 standard deviation (95% confidence interval: -0.21, -0.04) lower body mass index and 0.15 mmol/L (0.10, 0.21) higher glucose. Among boys, an increase in interquartile range of intradaily variability (0.12) was associated with higher fat mass index (+0.07 kg/m2; 95% confidence interval: 0.03, 0.11) and visceral FM (+0.08 g; 95% confidence interval: 0.02, 0.15). We observed no associations with blood pressure or clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors.CONCLUSIONS:Already at school age, greater fragmentation of the 24-hour activity rhythm is associated with general and organ adiposity. In contrast, more nightly awakenings were associated with lower body mass index. Future research should bring clarity to these disparate observations in order to create potential targets for obesity prevention programs.CITATION: Beunders VAA, Koopman-Verhoeff ME, Vermeulen MJ, et al. Sleep, 24-hour activity rhythms, and cardiometabolic risk factors in school-age children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(7):1219-1229.</p

Additional file 1 of Subclinical binge eating symptoms in early adolescence and its preceding and concurrent factors: a population-based study

Additional file 1. Supplement Subclinical binge eating symptoms

The experience of life events and body composition in middle childhood: a population-based study

Abstract While studies suggest potential influences of childhood adversities on obesity development in adulthood, less is known about the short-term association in children. We examined the association between a wide range of life events experienced in the first ten years of life (including maltreatment and milder adversities) and body composition in 5333 ten-year old Dutch children. In structured interviews, mothers retrospectively reported on their children’s experience of 24 events. BMI was calculated, and fat mass index and fat free mass index were determined by dual-x-ray absorptiometry scanning. Linear regressions showed that, unadjusted, a higher number of life events was associated with higher BMI and body composition. However, associations attenuated to non-significance after adjustment for covariates. Similar findings were observed for maltreatment and milder life events. Thus, the number of experienced life events was not associated with body composition in middle childhood. Rather, other factors, like socioeconomic conditions, accounted for the relationship between life events and weight development in children

Subclinical binge eating symptoms in early adolescence and its preceding and concurrent factors: a population-based study

Abstract Objective Binge eating, loss of control eating and overeating often develop during late childhood or early adolescence. Understanding the presentation of binge eating as early as symptoms manifest and its preceding and concurrent factors is essential to hamper the development of eating disorders. This study examined the prevalence, concurrent and preceding factors (e.g. compensatory behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems) of subclinical binge eating symptoms in early adolescence. Methods Data from the population-based Generation R Study were used (n = 3595). At 10 years and 14 years, preceding and concurrent factors including eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, emotional and behavioral problems and body composition were assessed. At 14 years, 3595 adolescents self-reported on binge eating symptoms in the past 3 months and were categorized into four groups: no symptoms (n = 3143, 87.4%), overeating only (n = 121, 3.4%), loss of control (LOC) eating only (n = 252, 7.0%) or binge eating (i.e. both, n = 79, 2.2%). Results In total, 452 (12.6%) young adolescents reported subclinical binge eating symptoms. Those who reported LOC eating and binge eating showed most compensatory behaviors (e.g. hide or throw away food, skipping meals). Concurrent emotional and behavioral problems, body dissatisfaction, more emotional-, restrained- and uncontrolled eating, and a higher BMI were associated with subclinical binge eating symptoms. Preceding self-reported emotional and behavioral problems, body dissatisfaction, more restrained eating and higher BMI (both fat mass and fat-free mass) at 10 years were associated with LOC eating and binge eating, but not with overeating. Discussion Among young adolescents, subclinical binge eating symptoms were common. Considering the high prevalence of LOC eating, and the overlapping preceding and concurrent factors of LOC eating and binge eating compared to overeating, LOC eating seems to be a key symptom of binge eating in early adolescence

Sleep characteristics across the lifespan in 1.1 million people from the Netherlands, United Kingdom and United States:a systematic review and meta-analysis

We aimed to obtain reliable reference charts for sleep duration, estimate the prevalence of sleep complaints across the lifespan and identify risk indicators of poor sleep. Studies were identified through systematic literature search in Embase, Medline and Web of Science (9 August 2019) and through personal contacts. Eligible studies had to be published between 2000 and 2017 with data on sleep assessed with questionnaires including ≥100 participants from the general population. We assembled individual participant data from 200,358 people (aged 1-100 years, 55% female) from 36 studies from the Netherlands, 471,759 people (40-69 years, 55.5% female) from the United Kingdom and 409,617 people (≥18 years, 55.8% female) from the United States. One in four people slept less than age-specific recommendations, but only 5.8% slept outside of the 'acceptable' sleep duration. Among teenagers, 51.5% reported total sleep times (TST) of less than the recommended 8-10 h and 18% report daytime sleepiness. In adults (≥18 years), poor sleep quality (13.3%) and insomnia symptoms (9.6-19.4%) were more prevalent than short sleep duration (6.5% with TST < 6 h). Insomnia symptoms were most frequent in people spending ≥9 h in bed, whereas poor sleep quality was more frequent in those spending <6 h in bed. TST was similar across countries, but insomnia symptoms were 1.5-2.9 times higher in the United States. Women (≥41 years) reported sleeping shorter times or slightly less efficiently than men, whereas with actigraphy they were estimated to sleep longer and more efficiently than man. This study provides age- and sex-specific population reference charts for sleep duration and efficiency which can help guide personalized advice on sleep length and preventive practices