Analysis of the Dynamics of Heat Exchange at Different Power of the Unit Continuous Combined Casting and Pressing Aluminum Alloy

Приведены результаты численного исследования непрерывного совмещенного литья и прессования опытного алюминиевого сплава АК12 при различной производительности установки с горизонтальным карусельным кристаллизатором. Дана количественная оценка влияния темпа разогрева кристаллизатора на температурно-временные характеристики в период переходного теплового процесса. Определены теплотехнические зоны, характеризующиеся различной интенсивностью теплообмена между расплавом и стенками кристаллизатора. Показано, что увеличение производительности установки сокращает продолжительность переходного теплового процесса при пуске установки из холодного состояния до достижения ею стационарного теплового режима. Получена зависимость времени выхода установки на стационарный тепловой режим от скорости вращения колеса-кристаллизатораA numerical study of the process of continuous combined casting and pressing of experimental aluminum alloy AK12 at various capacities of the continuous combined casting and pressing semi-industrial unit was carried out. A quantitative assessment of the influence of the heating rate of the crystallizer on the temperature and time characteristics during the transition thermal process is given. The heat engineering zones characterized by different intensity of heat exchange between the melt and the walls of the crystallizer are determined. It is shown that increasing the semi-industrial unit performance reduces the duration of the transient thermal process when starting from a cold state until it reaches a stationary thermal mode. The dependence of the time when the unit reaches a stationary thermal mode on the rotation speed of the horizontal crystallizer is obtaine

Формирование фотоприемных структур ИК-диапазона путем пересыщения кремния теллуром

The Si layers doped with Te up to the concentrations of (3–5)1020 cm–3 have been formed via ion implantation and pulsed laser melting. It is found, 70–90 % of the embedded impurity atoms are in substitution states in the silicon lattice. These layers have revealed significant absorption (35–66 %) in the wavelength λ range of 1100–2500 nm. In this case, the absorption coefficient increases with the λ growth. The absorption spectra of the implanted layers after pulsed laser melting, equilibrium furnace annealing, and rapid thermal annealing have been compared. It is shown that equilibrium furnace annealing increases the photon absorption by 4 % in the wavelength range of 1100–2500 nm in comparison with virgin Si. After rapid thermal annealing, the photon absorption in the IR-range increases only by 2 %.Слои кремния, легированные теллуром до концентраций (3–5)1020 см–3, получены ионной имплантацией с последующим импульсным лазерным отжигом. Показано, что 70–90 % внедренной примеси находится в позиции замещения в решетке кремния. Слои, гиперпересыщенные теллуром, проявляют существенное поглощение (35–66 %) в области длин волн 1100–2500 нм, причем коэффициент поглощения увеличивается с ростом длины волны. Проведено сравнение спектров поглощения имплантированных слоев после лазерного отжига, а также после равновесного и быстрого термического отжигов. Показано, что равновесный отжиг после имплантации ионов теллура увеличивает поглощение фотонов в области длин волн 1100–2500 нм на 4 % по сравнению с неимплантированным кремнием. После быстрого термического отжига поглощение в ИК-области возрастает лишь на 2 %

Расчетное исследование влияния перегрева алюминиевого расплава на динамику процесса гранулирования

A three-dimensional mathematical model of the solidification process of a liquid metal is considered, taking into account the mobility of the boundaries at which the phase transition is carried out (Stefan boundary value problem). The algorithm of calculation is improved, allowing due to the use of the Dirac δ-function in determining the effective heat capacity to take into account the nonlinearity of the equation of unsteady thermal conductivity and the heat of the phase transition. A numerical study of heat transfer during solidification of lead-containing aluminum melt droplets in air and water is carried out. The influence of droplet size and melt overheating on the solidification dynamics of granules has been studied. An approximate ratio based on the square root law is proposed, taking into account the amount of overheating of the liquid phase and linking the thickness of the formed solid phase with the duration of the granulation processРассмотрена трехмерная математическая модель процесса затвердевания жидкого металла, учитывающая подвижность границ, на которых осуществляется фазовый переход (краевая задача Стефана). Усовершенствован алгоритм расчета, позволяющий при использования δ-функции Дирака при определении эффективной теплоемкости, учитывать нелинейность уравнения нестационарной теплопроводности и теплоту фазового перехода. Проведено численное исследование теплообмена при затвердевании капель содержащего свинец алюминиевого расплава в воздушной и водяной среде. Изучен характер влияния размера капель и перегрева расплава на динамику затвердевания гранул. Предложено основанное на законе квадратного корня приближенное соотношение, учитывающее величину перегрева жидкой фазы и связывающее толщину образующейся твердой фазы с длительностью процесса гранулировани

Intra-seasonal dynamics in metabolic processes of ¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O in components of Scots pine twigs from southern Siberia interpreted with a conceptual framework based on the Carbon Metabolism Oscillatory Model

Abstract Background Carbon isotope data from conifer trees play an important role in research on the boreal forest carbon reservoir in the global carbon cycle. Carbon isotopes are routinely used to study interactions between the environment and tree growth. Moreover, carbon isotopes became an essential tool for the evaluation of carbon assimilation and transport from needles into reserve pools, as well as the allocation of stored assimilates within a tree. The successful application and interpretation of carbon isotopes rely on the coherence of isotopic fractionation modeling. This study employs a new Carbon Metabolism Oscillatory Model (CMOM) to interpret the experimental data sets on metabolic seasonal dynamics of 13C/12 C and 18O/16O ratios measured in twig components of Scots pine growing in southern Siberia (Russia). Results The dynamics of carbon isotopic variables were studied in components of Pinus sylvestris L. in light and in dark chambers during the vegetation period from 14 June to 28 July 2006. At the beginning of this period water-soluble organic matter, mostly labile sugars (including sucrose as the main component) and newly formed bulk needle material, displayed relatively “light” δ13C values (depletion in 13 C). Then, 13 C content increased again with noticeable “depletion” events in the middle of the growth period. A gradual 13 C accumulation took place in the second half of the vegetation period. Similar effects were observed both in the light and in the dark with some temporal shifts. Environmental factors did not influence the δ13C values. A gradual 12C-depletion effect was noticed in needles of the previous year. The δ13C values of sucrose and proteins from needle biomass altered independently from each other in the light chamber. A distinct negative correlation between δ13C and δ18O values was revealed for all studied variables. Conclusions The abrupt 13C depletion recorded by all tested trees for the period from June to July provides clear evidence of the transition from the dominant role of reserve carbohydrate pool (RCP) during the first half of the growth season to the preferable current year carbohydrate pool (CCP) consumption by new needles during its second half. The investigation of the isotopic signatures of Pinus sylvestris L. emphasizes the pivotal role of the intra-seasonal dynamics in carbon metabolism through the transport of assimilates from autotrophic (needles) to heterotrophic (twigs) organs of the studied trees. This provides an explanation for changes of carbon isotopic values observed within the growth season. The CMOM-based results support the hypothesis of the integration of three carbohydrate pools by photosynthesizing cells. The fluctuations of the carbon isotope ratios in different carbohydrate pools underlie various physiological processes in the tree metabolism. The possible mechanisms and pathways of formation of these carbohydrate pools are further discussed. Hence, CMOM provides a reasonable explanation for the absence of the impact of environmental conditions on the needle isotopic variables, the 12C-depletion effects and the use of RCP in needles. The model explains the negative connections between δ13C and δ18O values in all studied variables.</p

Effects of Light Spectral Quality on Photosynthetic Activity, Biomass Production, and Carbon Isotope Fractionation in Lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., Plants

The optimization of plant-specific LED lighting protocols for indoor plant growing systems needs both basic and applied research. Experiments with lettuce, Lactuca sativa L., plants using artificial lighting based on narrow-band LEDs were carried out in a controlled environment. We investigated plant responses to the exclusion of certain spectral ranges of light in the region of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR); in comparison, the responses to quasimonochromatic radiation in the red and blue regions were studied separately. The data on plant phenotyping, photosynthetic activity determination, and PAM fluorometry, indicating plant functional activity and stress responses to anomalous light environments, are presented. The study on carbon isotopic composition of photoassimilates in the diel cycle made it possible to characterize the balance of carboxylation and photorespiration processes in the leaves, using a previously developed oscillatory model of photosynthesis. Thus, the share of plant photorespiration (related to plant biomass enrichment with 13C) increased in response to red-light action, while blue light accelerated carboxylation (related to 12C enrichment). Blue light also reduced water use efficiency. These data are supported by the observations from the light environments missing distinct PAR spectrum regions. The fact that light of different wavelengths affects the isotopic composition of total carbon allowed us to elucidate the nature of its action on the organization of plant metabolism

Composition of micronodules and host sediments from the Guatemala Basin

A complex of mineralogical techniques used in studies of near-surface layer hemipelagic sediments indicates that disordered todorokite and hexagonal birnessite dominate in manganese micronodules, whereas hexagonal birnessite is the main phase of micronodules from miopelagic sediments. Content of todorokite increases downward through the miopelagic sedimentary sequence; this can be reasonably explained by transformations of some other manganese minerals to todorokite. Occurrence of several manganese minerals in studied samples may reflect temporal and lateral variations in C_org content in sediments and respective local fluctuations in environmental conditions (pH, Eh, geochemical activity of Mn, etc.). Todorokite may have formed under the most anoxic conditions near the water-sediment interface