Antraknoza - nova bolest jagode u Srbiji i njena kontrola fungicidima

Anthracnose is a destructive disease of strawberry fruits in warm and continental climate. During 2004, in the vicinity of Valjevo, there were severe losses in two strawberry plantations due to fruit anthracnose. Two fungal isolates, GG-6A and GG-JUP were recovered from strawberry stolons and fruits showing severe anthracnose symptoms. Based on morphological and pathological characteristics, and PCR analyses with specific primers of reference species, isolate GG-6A was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and GG-JUP isolate as C. acutatum. This is the first identification of C. acutatum in strawberry in Serbia. In order to control strawberry anthracnose, five fungicides and their combinations were applied four times during the flowering. The best fruit protection was achieved by fungicides Metiram + piraclostrobin (Cabrio top), Captan FL and Fludioksinil + ciprodinil (Swich). Less effective were Benomil (Benlate) and Krezoksim-metil (Stroby). Pathogen is transmitted by planting material, so phytosanitary measures are extremely important in preventing the disease.Antraknoza je destruktivna bolest plodova jagode u toplim i kontinentalnim klimatskim uslovima. Tokom 2004. godine, na 2 plantaže jagoda u blizini Valjeva, bilo je velikih gubitaka prouzrokovanih antraknozom. Dva izolata gljiva GG-6A i GG-JUP su izolovana iz stolona jagode, i plodova sa izraženim simptomima antraknoze. Na osnovu morfoloških i patoloških karakteristika, i PCR analize sa specifičnim prajmerima za referentne vrste, izolat GG-6A je identifikovan kao Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, a izolat GG-JUP kao C. acutatum. Ovo je prvi nalaz C. acutatum na jagodi u Srbiji. U cilju kontrole antraknoze jagode pet fungicida i njihovih kombinacija su primenjeni 4 puta tokom cvetanja. Najbolja zaštita plodova jagode je postignuta primenom fungicida Metiram + piraclostrobin (Cabrio top), Captan FL i Fludioksinil ciprodinil (Swich). Manje efektivni su bili Benomil (Benlate) i Krezoksim-metil (Stroby). Patogen se prenosi sadnim materijalom pa su fitosanitarne mere veoma važne u prevenciji bolesti

Anthracnose: A new strawberry disease in Serbia and its control by fungicides

Anthracnose is a destructive disease of strawberry fruits in warm and continental climate. During 2004, in the vicinity of Valjevo, there were severe losses in two strawberry plantations due to fruit anthracnose. Two fungal isolates, GG-6A and GG-JUP were recovered from strawberry stolons and fruits showing severe anthracnose symptoms. Based on morphological and pathological characteristics, and PCR analyses with specific primers of reference species, isolate GG-6A was identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and GG-JUP isolate as C. acutatum. This is the first identification of C. acutatum in strawberry in Serbia. In order to control strawberry anthracnose, five fungicides and their combinations were applied four times during the flowering. The best fruit protection was achieved by fungicides Metiram + piraclostrobin (Cabrio top), Captan FL and Fludioksinil + ciprodinil (Swich). Less effective were Benomil (Benlate) and Krezoksim-metil (Stroby). Pathogen is transmitted by planting material, so phytosanitary measures are extremely important in preventing the disease

Possibility of Reducing the Overpressure of Shock Wave of Powder Gases around the Mortar

This paper resulted from the research of the overpressure of the shock wave of the powder gases, which occurs during firing of the mortar. Work encompasses modeling and computation of the overpressure field. Increasing overpressure around the mortar is analyzed in the case of using the largest powder charges. In order to reduce the overpressure a corresponding technical solution has been proposed. The solution in the form of divergent nozzle has been proposed and it is placed at the barrel muzzle. The paper also analyzes the impact of this solution to reduce the overpressure intensity at the crew position.Computation results of the overpressure of the powder gases, which were obtained by the realization of numerical calculation, based on the application of the finite volume method, were confirmed by the experimental results, achieved in the firing experiments

Uticaj etarskih ulja timijana, cimeta i karanfilića na porast micelije Colletotrichum acutatum

Effects of the volatile phase of thyme, cinnamon and clove essential oils on Colletotrichum acutatum were investigated. Mycelial disc was placed in the center of the Petri dish (V=66 ml) containing PDA. Different volumes of either non- or ethanol-diluted essential oils were placed on the inner side of the dish cover to obtain final concentrations of 153, 107, 76, 46, 15, 14, 12, 11, 7.6, 3.82, 1.53, 0.153 and 0.0153 μl/L of air. The dishes were sealed with Parafilm and incubated in up-side-down position. After 7 days of incubation, mycelial growth was recorded by measuring the colony diameter. If no mycelial growth was recorded, the disc was transferred to a new PDA plate in order to evaluate whether the activity was either fungistatic or fungicidal. Mean growth values were obtained and then converted to inhibition percentage of mycelial growth compared with the control treatment. All the tested essential oils inhibited mycelial growth of C. acutatum in the dose dependent manner. Mycelial growth was totally inhibited by thyme oil in the concentration of 76 μl/L of air. The same results were obtained by cinnamon and clove oil in the concentration of 107 μl/L of air. Thyme and cinnamon oil had fungicidal effect in concentrations of 107 and 153 μl/L respectively. The results obtained provide evidence on the antifungal in vitro effect of the tested essential oils as potential means for the control of C. acutatum.Proučavan je efekat isparljive faze etarskih ulja timijana, cimeta i karanfilića na prouzrokovača antraknoze jagode Colletotrichum acutatum u uslovima in vitro. Fragmenti micelije gljive, prečnika 1 cm, zasejani su na KDA podlogu u petri-kutije (V = 66 ml). Različite koncentracije etarskih ulja (153, 107, 76, 46, 15, 14, 12, 11, 7,6, 3,82, 1,53, 0,153 i 0,0153 μl/l vazduha) dobijene su nanošenjem određene količine ulja, koncentrovanih ili razblaženih u etanolu, na središnji deo unutrašnje strane poklopca. Petri-kutije su zatvorene parafilmom i postavljene u obrnuti položaj, a porast micelije je meren posle 7 dana inkubacije. U kulturama u kojima nije došlo do porasta micelije fungicidno ili fungitoksično dejstvo određeno je prebacivanjem fragmenata na KDA podloge bez prisustva ulja. Efekat etarskih ulja predstavljen je procentom inhibicije porasta micelije, poređenjem sa kontrolom. Proučavana etarska ulja timijana, cimeta i karanfilića su svojom gasovitom fazom inhibirala porast micelije C. acutatum. Stepen inhibicije zavisio je od primenjene koncentracije. Etarsko ulje timijana je potpuno inhibiralo porast micelije pri koncentraciji 76 μl/l vazduha, a cimeta i karanfilića pri koncentraciji 107 μl/l vazduha. Fungicidno dejstvo ispoljilo je etarsko ulje timijana u koncentraciji 107 μl/l vazduha i cimeta u koncentraciji 153 μl/l vazduha. Rezultati istraživanja in vitro pokazali su antifungalno dejstvo testiranih etarskih ulja, što govori o potencijalu korišćenja etarskih ulja u kontroli C. acutatum

SEA in Serbia – 16 years of implementation

Analysis of achievements & problems in SEA legislation & current practice in Serbia, with planned adjustments. Proposal of improvements based on experience of experts & competent authoritie

Analiza masnih kiselina sojeva Erwinia amylovora iz Srbije i Crne Gore

Automated method of fatty acid analysis was used to identify and study heterogeneity of 41 Erwinia amylovora strains, originating from 8 plant species grown in 13 locations in Serbia and one in Montenegro. All strains contained 14:0 3OH fatty acid, characteristic for the 'amylovora' group. According to fatty acid composition 39 strains were identified as E. amylovora as the first choice from the database. Due to their specific fatty acid composition, two strains were identified as E. amylovora, but as a second choice. Fatty acid analysis also showed that E. amylovora population from Serbia could be differentiated in three groups, designated in this study as α, β and γ. All strains originating from central or south Serbia, as well as four strains from north Serbia clustered into group α. Group β and γ contained only strains isolated in northern Serbia (Vojvodina). The results show that E. amylovora population in this area is heterogeneous and indicate pathogen introduction from different directions. Fatty acid analysis enabled identification at species level, as well as new insights of heterogeneity of E. amylovora population.Automatizovana metoda analize masnih kiselina primenjena je za identifikaciju i proučavanje heterogenosti Erwinia amylovora. Kao materijal za analizu prikupljen je 41 soj E. amylovora izolovan iz 8 različitih vrsta domaćina gajenih u 13 lokaliteta u Srbiji i jednom lokalitetu u Crnoj Gori. Rezultati ukazuju da svi proučavani sojevi poseduju 14:0 3OH masnu kiselinu, koja je karakteristična za 'amylovora' grupu. Na osnovu sastava masnih kiselina 39 sojeva je identifikovano kao E. amylovora, kao prvi izbor iz baze podataka. Dva soja su identifikovana kao E. amylovora, ali tek kao drugi izbor iz baze podataka, što je najverovatnije posledica specifičnosti u sastavu njihovih masnih kiselina. Rezultati analize masnih kiselina takođe pokazuju da populacija E. amylovora poreklom iz Srbije nije homogena i da među sojevima postoje tri grupe ili profila, koji su u ovom radu obeleženi sa α, β i γ. Svi sojevi koji su izolovani na prostoru centralne ili južne Srbije pripadaju grupi α, kao i četiri soja izolovana na području Vojvodine. Grupama β i γ pripadaju samo sojevi izolovani na području Vojvodine. Dobijeni rezultati predstavljaju dokaz heterogenosti populacije E. amylovora na ovim prostorima i ukazuju na mogućnost prodora patogena u naše područje iz različitih pravaca. Analiza masnih kiselina omogućila je ne samo identifikaciju do nivoa vrste, već i nova saznanja o heterogenosti populacije E. amylovora na ovim prostorima

Proučavanje proteinskih profila bakterije Pseudomonas syringae izolovane sa različitih vrsta voćaka

Bacterium Pseudomonas syringae has numerous varieties with differentiated properties and is abundant in genetic diversity. Pseudomonas syringe has been experimentally identified in Serbia as a parasite of pear, apple, cherry, sour cherry, plum and raspberry. This study was designed to establish differences between the strains isolated from the fruit trees in Serbia with whole cell protein profiles analysis. The paghogenic and bacteriologycal characteristics of the isolates, cultivating, morphological and biochemical characteristics were studied. The obtained results demonstrate that the population of the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae from the fruit trees in Serbia is diverse, but do not show any difference in their whole cell protein profiles.Bakterija Pseudomonas syringae ima veliki broj varijeteta sa različitim osobinama i sa velikom genetičkom raznovrsnošću. Pseudomonas syringae u Srbiji je eksperimentalno potvrđen kao parazit kruške, jabuke, breskve, trešnje, višnje, šljive i maline. Cilj ove studije bio je da utvrdi postojanje eventualnih razlika između sojeva izolovanih sa različitih vrsta voćaka u Srbiji proučavanjem elektroforetskih profila ukupnih ćelijskih proteina. Proučavane su takođe patogene i biohemijske odlike sojeva poreklom sa raznih vrsta voćaka. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da su populacije bakterije Pseudomonas syringae poreklom sa voća u Srbiji raznovrsne, ali da ne pokazuju razlike u elektroforetskim profilima ukupnih ćelijskih proteina

Molekularna detekcija Monilinia fructigena prouzrokovača truleži ploda dunje

Species of the genus Monilinia are important causal agents of fruit rot on pome and stone fruits in Serbia. The pathogen is very harmful, especially on small properties and cottage plantations where intensive control measures are not applied. Quince is important host for the pathogens of this genus. During spring 2010, intensive occurrence of mummified fruits overwintering on branches of the quince was observed. The pathogen was isolated using standard phytopathological methods. Pathogenicity of eight obtained isolates was tested by artificial inoculation of injured apple fruits. Identification was performed according to pathogenic, morphological and ecological properties, and was confirmed by Multiplex polimeraze chain reaction, PCR. All the isolates studied caused brown rot on inoculated apple fruits. The isolates form light yellow colonies with lobate margins, with single-celled, transparent, elliptical or oval conidia in chains, regardless temperature or light presence. Sclerotia are observed in 14 days old cultures. The highest growth rate of most of the isolates is at 27°C and in dark. Based on studied pathogenic, morphological and ecological characteristics, it was found that the Monilinia fructigena is causal agent of brown rot of quince. Using specific primers (MO368-5, MO368-8R, MO368-10R, Laxa-R2) for detection of Monilinia species in Multiplex PCR reaction, the expected fragment 402 bp in size was amplified, which confirmed that the studied isolates belonged to the species M. fructigena.Vrste roda Monilinia su značajni prouzrokovači truleži ploda jabučastog i koštičavog voća u našoj zemlji. Parazit nanosi velike štete, posebno na malim posedima i u vikend zasadima u kojima se ne primenjuje redovna zaštita. Dunja je značajan domaćin patogena ovog roda. Tokom proleća 2010. godine ustanovljena je intenzivnija pojava mumificiranih plodova prezimelih na granama. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se identifikuje prouzrokovač mumifikacije plodova dunje, prikupljenih sa različitih lokaliteta. Patogen je izolovan primenom standardnih fitopatoloških metoda. Patogenost osam dobijenih izolata proverena je veštačkom inokulacijom povređenih plodova jabuke. Identifikacija je obavljena na osnovu patogenih, morfoloških i ekoloških osobina, a potvrđena je primenom Multiplex PCR. Svi proučavani izolati su na inokulisanim plodovima jabuke prouzrokovali trulež smeđe boje. Proučavani izolati na KDA podlozi formiraju svetlo-žute kolonije režnjevitog oboda. U kulturi gljiva, nezavisno od uticaja temperature i prisustva ili odsustva svetlosti, formira jednoćelijske, providne, eliptične ili ovalne konidije u nizovima. Sklerocije se uočavaju u kulturama starosti 14 dana. Većina izolata ostvaruje najbolji porast na temperaturi od 27°C i u odsustvu svetlosti. Na osnovu proučenih patogenih, morfoloških i odgajivačkih odlika, utvrđeno je da izolati pripadaju vrsti Monilinia fructigena. Korišćenjem specifičnih prajmera (MO368-5, MO368-8R, MO368-10R, Laxa-R2) za detekciju vrsta roda Monilinia u Multiplex PCR reakciji, amplifikovan je očekivani fragment veličine oko 402 bp čime je potvrđeno da proučavani izolati pripadaju vrsti M. fructigena

Bolesti korena lucerke i mere suzbijanja patogena

Several pathogenic fungi (Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Colletotrichum spp., Verticillium spp., Scelorotinia spp.), bacteria (Corynebacterium spp.) and nematodes Pratylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp., etc.) could each be the cause both of some specific types of the rot of alfalfa root, crown and ground parts of stem as well as of non-specific symptoms (low growth, chlorosis and wilt) on aboveground parts of plants. The consequences of the occurrence of these diseases could have a great economic effect and are demonstrated as a scattered crop, reduced yield, quality and longevity of alfalfa. Abiotic factors (low temperature, lack or excess of moisture, soil type, application inadequacy of the production technology of alfalfa etc.), either individually or in a complex comprising several of them, could also be the cause of alfalfa diseases and if in interaction with biotic factors the damages arising there of could even be more substantial. The economically most important diseases of alfalfa rot caused by pathogenic fungi, bacteria and some abiotic factors, as well as a review of integrated control of alfalfa pathogens have been described.Različite patogene gljive ( Phytophthora spp., Pythium spp., Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia spp., Colletotrichum spp., Verticillium spp., Scelorotinia spp. i dr.), bakterije (Corynebacterium spp.) i nematode ( Pratylenchus spp., Meloidogyne spp. i dr.), mogu prouzrokovati specifične tipove truleži korena, korenovog vrata i prizemnog dela stabla lucerke i nespecifične simptome (niži porast, hloroza i uvelost) na nadzemnim delovima biljaka. Posledice ovih bolesti od velikog su ekonomskog značaja, a ispoljavaju se u vidu proređenog useva, smanjenja prinosa, kvaliteta i dugovečnosti lucerke. Abiotski činioci (niske temperature, nedostatak i suvišak vode, tip zemljišta, primena neodgovarajuće tehnologije proizvodnje lucerke i dr.), pojedinačno ili u kompleksu više njih, mogu, takođe, prouzrokovati bolesti lucerke, a ukoliko su u sadejstvu s biotskim činiocima nastale štete mogu biti znatno veće. U radu su opisane ekonomski najznačajnije bolesti korena lucerke, čiji su prouzrokovači patogene gljive, bakterije i neki abiotski činioci, kao i prikaz pojedinih i integralnih mera, koje se preporučuju za suzbijanje patogena lucerke. Zbog oskudnih podataka o bolestima korena lucerke u domaćoj literaturi, uglavnom su korišćeni podaci iz strane literature