80 research outputs found
ΠΠΈΡΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ
The present study aims to analyse the effect of waters, anthropogenically influenced by various pollutants, on the mitotic division and chromosomal apparatus of cells by establishing their potential mitoinhibitory and clastogenic effect. The cytotoxic and mutagenic effect of contaminated water was examined by the application of the Allium cepa test system. Mitotic depression has been established for samples with available anthropogenic contamination. Microscopic analysis showed an increased incidence of chromosomal aberrations in the test samples compared to the control, resulting from the genotoxic effect available. Chromosomal abnormalities of the type of lagging and βvagrantβ chromosomes, chromosomal fragments, anaphase and telophase bridges, micronuclei, as well as deviations from normal cell division
such as K-mitoses and asynchronous mitoses have been observed. The analysis of the spectrum of chromosomal aberrations shows some differences in the frequency of occurrence of the different types of disorders, which reflects the specificity of the genotoxic effect of the water samples from the surveyed areas.ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ° Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π» Π΄Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡ
Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π§ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Allium cepa ΡΠ΅ΡΡ-ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ
ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΡΠ°Π³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π° Π΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π΄Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅. ΠΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π±Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ. ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ βΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈβ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠΈ, Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, Π°Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅, ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ΄ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π-ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π°Π±Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π²Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ
Formal Definition of the Concept βInfosβ
The concept INFOS is very important for understanding the information phenomena. Because of this, it
is basic for the General Information Theory. The more precise formal definition of this concept is given in
the paper
Adaptive Mirror Descent for the Network Utility Maximization Problem
Network utility maximization is the most important problem in network traffic
management. Given the growth of modern communication networks, we consider the
utility maximization problem in a network with a large number of connections
(links) that are used by a huge number of users. To solve this problem an
adaptive mirror descent algorithm for many constraints is proposed. The key
feature of the algorithm is that it has a dimension-free convergence rate. The
convergence of the proposed scheme is proved theoretically. The theoretical
analysis is verified with numerical simulations. We compare the algorithm with
another approach, using the ellipsoid method (EM) for the dual problem.
Numerical experiments showed that the performance of the proposed algorithm
against EM is significantly better in large networks and when very high
solution accuracy is not required. Our approach can be used in many network
design paradigms, in particular, in software-defined networks
Aloenzimna genetichna harakteristika na pchelni semeystva Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) ot Bulgaria s razlichno higienno povedenie
The genetic variability in 25 honey bee colonies from different regions of Bulgaria with different hygienic behaviour (highly hygienic, hygienic and non-hygienic) has been studied. Alloenzyme analysis of two systems (MDH-1 and Est-3) corresponding to 2 loci was used in order to characterize the colony polymorphism. Totally 1,150 worker bees were included in this investigation. MDH-1 locus was found to be polymorphic in all of the studied colonies, having two alleles β MDH-165 and MDH-1100. The Est-3 locus was fixed in ten of the investigated colonies. Polymorphism with total presence of four alleles of this locus (Est-380, Est-388, Est-3100 and Est-3118) was found in the other studied colonies. The calculated polymorphism was 50% in the non-hygienic and 100% in the highly hygienic and hygienic colonies. The observed and expected heterozygosities (Ho and He) ranged from 0.296 to 0.354 and from 0.28 to 0.332 in non-hygienic and highly hygienic groups, respectively. The calculated mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.32 and 0.307, respectively. The calculated Fst and Nm levels demonstrated lower differentiation between highly hygienic and hygienic colonies and higher differentiation between highly hygienic and non-hygienic colonies. Dissimilarities between levels of polymorphism, heterozygosity, Fst, Nm and allele frequencies in the studied groups of colonies with different hygienic behaviour were found and discussed. The results of the present study provide new information concerning relations between hygienic behaviour and alloenzyme characteristics which could be used for future selection with honey bees in Bulgaria.Obekt na nastoyashtoto izsledvane e genetichnata izmenchivost, ustanovena pri rabota s 25 pchelni semeystva ot razlichni rayoni na Bulgaria s razlichno higienno povedenie (Visoko higienichni, higienichni i ne-higiennichni). Izyaveniyat polimorfizam e harakteriziran na bazata na aloenzimen analiz po dve sistemi (MDH-1 i Est-3), saotvetstvashti na dva polimorfni lokusa. Obshto 1150 pcheli rabotnichki sa vklyucheni v izsledvaneto. Ustanoveno e, che MDH-1 lokusat e polimorfen vav vsichki izsledvani pchelni semeystva i e predstaven ot dva alela - MDH-165 i MDH-1100. Est-3 lokusat e fiksiran v deset ot izsledvanite kolonii. Po tozi lokus e konstatiran polimorfizam s prisastvie obshto na chetiri alelni varianti (Est-380, Est-388, Est-3100 i Est-3118) za genofonda na ostanalite pchelni semeystva. Izchisleniyat polimorfizam e mezhdu 50% i 100%. Ustanovenata i ochakvanata heterozigotnost (Ho i He) varira saotvetno ot 0.296 do 0.354 i 0.28 ot 0.332 pri ne-higienichnite i visoko higienichnite grupi. Izchislenite sredna nablyudavana i ochakvana heterozigotnosti sa saotvetno 0.32 i 0.307. Izchislenite niva na Fst i Nm pokazvat po-niska diferentsiatsia mezhdu visoko higienichnite i higienichnite semeystva i visoka diferentsiatsia mezhdu visoko higienichnite i ne-higienichnite semeystva. Konstatirani i obsadeni sa razlichia mezhdu nivata na polimorfizam, heterozigotnost, Fst, Nm i alelnite chestoti v izsledvanite grupi pchelni semeystva s razlichno higienno povedenie. Rezultatite ot nastoyashtoto prouchvane davat nova informatsia otnosno zavisimostta mezhdu nivata na higienno povedenie i aloenzimnite harakteristiki, koito biha mogli da se izpolzvat v badeshti deynosti po selektsia na medonosnite pcheli v Bulgaria
DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL CAPITAL IN EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
The article is devoted to educational opportunities for the formation of social capital. Social capital is
manifested in the ability of people to communicate and work together. Analysis of the concept of social capital allows understanding the foundations of social interaction, the need for trust, and the relationship between the formation and distribution of the social trust, norms, and social capital itself. Social capital does not exist outside people. Social capital cannot be characterized as an attribute of a separate individual. Social capital belongs to the group, the community. Learning is a situation of joint activity. In modern pedagogy, the problem is how to teach, organizing effective joint forms of educational activity. In distance learning (e-learning), it is important to organize the educational environment to have properties that make up for the lack of live communication. Today, the subjective nature of the educational process, focused on the formation of a creative personality, is being affirmed. Educational priorities are aimed at comfortable, conflict-free cooperation between the student at all levels of the educational process and the teacher, perhaps even partnership. The teacher and the student jointly develop goals, objectives, problem search field of research, working "cocreatively," a mini-team. This anthropocentric pedagogical technology relates to project and problem technologies in the educational process
Radiotherapy. stages of planning of the radiotherapy process. TNM classification
Π Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΄Π½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΈ ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ - ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ. Π€ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π³Π°ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (Π₯-Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅), a ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈ - Π±Π΅ΡΠ°-Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΈ-ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π³Π°ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ° Π±ΡΡ
Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π² ΠΡΠ»Π³Π°ΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΉ-ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π₯-Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈ. Π Π΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈ Π»Π΅Π·ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ.ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅Π½, ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΏΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ Π² Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ. TNM ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π° Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π° ΡΡΠΈΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π΅, ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π²Π°Ρ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Ρ Π΄Π΅Π±Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΏΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ° ΠΎΡ 0,5 ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π½ΠΈ Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π΅Π½ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π», ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π»Π°Π³Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊ-Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½.ΠΠΊΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° Π°ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ²Π° Π΄Π°Π²Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ²Π°Ρ: Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π° Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° Π±ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π½ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ.In modern radiotherapy two main groups of ionizing radiation are used - photons and charged particles. The photons consist of orthovoltage x-rays, gamma rays and high-energy x-rays, and the particles are beta-rays, accelerated electrons, protons, pi mesons and heavy ions. Until recently orthovoltage and telegamatherapy have been the main types of radiotherapy in Bulgaria. Now with the installation of linear accelerators, x-rays, and accelerated electrons are most commonly used. Orthovoltage radiotherapy is used for small skin lesions.The planning process of radiotherapy is difficult and contains many steps and high-risk activities as it includes the use of many sources of information and the collaboration of different specialists participating in the radiotherapy process. TNM classification is used to define the indication for radiotherapy. Three-dimensional planning is applied to all patients that are treated at a linear accelerator. The main issue here is that the target volume and the critical organs are defined as a series of consecutive CT scans with thickness of less than 0.5 cm. Thus, the accuracy and the quality of the planned radiotherapy are significantly improved. Isocenter irradiation techniqes are used with linear accelerators and this requires marking the isocenter on the patient`s skin or on the immobilization devices.The isocenter is marked during the first irradiation at the treatment machine in the presence of a physician and a physicist-dosimetrist who has developed the individual plan.If a single radiotherapy department is equiped with the full set of radiotherapy machines, this will provide adequate and modern irradiation of all malignant tumors and benign conditions requiring radiotherapy. The oncology information system stores the demographic data of the patient, the clinical information about the disease and treatment methods, the treatment as well as detailed information about the radiotherapy course . The information is archived and allows the checking of the number of performed fractions, the irradiated volumes as well as the performing of a statistical analysis of multiple data related to the entire radiotherapy process
Phytosanitary Status of Wheat Crops in Northeastern Bulgaria
In the present work, the results of a survey of wheat crops in the area of the IASS quot%253BObraztsov chiflikquot%253B ndash%253B Ruse are presented. The study was carried out during the period 2018-2021, at the experimental field of the institute, according to accepted methods for weed infestation, species composition of the entomofauna and economically important wheat diseases.
The aim of the study is to determine the species composition of weeds, diseases and insect pest in wheat crops under the relevant agro-climatic conditions.
Weed species composition differed by year, with a total of 15 weed species from 10 families recorded. Veronica agrestis L., Lamium purpureum L., Anthemis arvensis L., Convolvulus arvensis L. and Cirsium arvense L. are ubiquitous in surveyed crop.
Insects belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera and Orthoptera were identified. The proportion of the orders to which the species belonged in the three years of the study differed in culture. The total number of insects detected during the three years of the test varied on average (CV%253D15.63%25) ndash%253B 373 pcs. in 2019, 280 pcs. in 2020 and 372 pcs. in 2021.
During the period, 3 fungal pathogens of the genera Puccinia, Erysiphe and Septoria were identified. The development of Puccinia and Erysiphe pathogens during the study period was within acceptable limits according to the SEV scale (from 10%25 to 25%25). Massive development of the pathogen Septoria sp. was observed, with the affected plant area reaching up to 65%25, according to the SEV scale
Kidney stone disease (Nephrolithiasis) - Pathogenesis, types of imaging diagnostic methods in contemporary medicine
Π ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π·Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 12% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ 6% ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ»Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎ-Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π³Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°. Π§Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π½ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° Π½Π° Π·Π°Ρ
Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π±Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΠΏ ΠΠ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³Π»ΠΎ. Π‘ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΌΡΠΆΠ΅ / ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π΅ 1,3:1. Π§Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° Π²ΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° Π½Π°Π΄ 20 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, a ΠΏΠΈΠΊΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠ° Π΅ Π²ΡΠ² Π²ΡΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π³ΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ 40-60 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Ρ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, a ΡΡΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π³ΡΠ°Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ½Π° ΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ (Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°Π³Π½Π΅Π·ΠΈΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ°Ρ), ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ½, Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠ°Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠΊ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π·Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ.ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΎ-ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°. Π’ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ Π±ΠΈΡ
Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Π»Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ±Π·ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ, ΠΏΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
ΡΡ (ΠΠ£Π) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎ; ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠ·Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ - ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π±ΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΈΠ·ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π·Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΅Π΄Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°.ΠΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠΈΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°Ρ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΠΠ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π° Π±ΡΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ. ΠΠ½Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠΎ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎ-Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠ»Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ - Π·Π° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎ-Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π° ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈ Π·Π΄ΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π· ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³, ΠΊΠΎΠΉΡΠΎ Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Π²ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π²Π°Π½Π΅.The risk of nephrolithiasis in developed countries is roughly 12% in men and 6% in women. Caucasians are more likely to form kidney stones than black people. The frequency of this pathology increases proportionally to the rising frequency of type II diabetes mellitus and obesity. The ratio of male to female sufferers is 1.3:1. The disease is mostly observed in individuals over the age of 20, while the pique is between 40 and 60 years. Nephrolithiasis is more commonly known as kidney stone disease and develops primarily in genetically predisposed patients, patients with metabolic disorders, and multiple comorbidities. Most stones are made up of calcium oxalate and uric acid, struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate), cystine, ammonium urate. Recently there has been an increase in medicamentation-induced nephrolithiasis, observed in immobilized patients.The imaging diagnostics begins with abdominal ultrasonography - it can find a large percentage of all calculi, as well as parenchymal processes which could simulate a renal colic. Plain abdominal radiographs can demonstrate calcium-containing stones, and usually precedes venous urograms and other exams. Venous urograms provide insight into a calculus position, as well as regarding renal function. It is, however, associated with potential nephrotoxicity. Computed tomography can natively (without contrast material) demonstrate virtually all stones in every part of the excretory system.There are several conditions which mimic the symptoms of kidney stone disease, and must therefore be exlcuded along the diagnostic pathway. Currently, advanced understanding of the reasons and mechanisms of calculus formation have contributed to more effective diagnostic and treatment methods. Periodic consultations and ultrasonographies with a nephrologist or urologist are advisable
Oracle Complexity Separation in Convex Optimization
Many convex optimization problems have structured objective function written
as a sum of functions with different types of oracles (full gradient,
coordinate derivative, stochastic gradient) and different evaluation complexity
of these oracles. In the strongly convex case these functions also have
different condition numbers, which eventually define the iteration complexity
of first-order methods and the number of oracle calls required to achieve given
accuracy. Motivated by the desire to call more expensive oracle less number of
times, in this paper we consider minimization of a sum of two functions and
propose a generic algorithmic framework to separate oracle complexities for
each component in the sum. As a specific example, for the -strongly convex
problem with -smooth function
and -smooth function , a special case of our algorithm requires, up to
a logarithmic factor, first-order oracle calls for and
first-order oracle calls for . Our general framework
covers also the setting of strongly convex objectives, the setting when is
given by coordinate derivative oracle, and the setting when has a
finite-sum structure and is available through stochastic gradient oracle. In
the latter two cases we obtain respectively accelerated random coordinate
descent and accelerated variance reduction methods with oracle complexity
separation
- β¦