VISCERAL OBESITY

U nekim istraživanjima visceralna debljina bolje predviđa obolijevanje i umiranje od kardiovaskularnih bolesti i dijabetesa tipa 2 u usporedbi s općom debljinom mjerenom indeksom tjelesne mase. Čini se da postoji uzročno-posljedična veza između nakupljanja visceralnoga masnog tkiva i nastanka kardiovaskularnih bolesti i dijabetesa tipa 2. Procjena kardiometaboličkog rizika uključuje uz tradicionalne čimbenike rizika i informacije o intra-abdominalnoj debljini. Masno tkivo nakupljeno unutar trbušne šupljine djeluje poput velike endokrine žlijezde te luči citokine odnosno adipokine koji pridonose nastanku inzulinske rezistencije i proupalnog stanja. Potkožno masno tkivo pak, čini se, djeluje kao protektivni metabolički spremnik. Od antropometrijskih metoda, opseg struka najbolje korelira s količinom visceralnoga masnog tkiva.Some studies indicate that visceral obesity may be a better predictor of morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes than general obesity measured by the body mass index. A causal relationship seems to exist between the accumulation of visceral fat and occurence of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. Assessment of cardiometabolic risk comprises information on intra-abdominal obesity, as well as traditional risk factors. Visceral fat acts as a large endocrine gland, excreting cytokines and adipokines which leads to insulin resistance and proinflammatory state, whereas subcutaneous fat may act as a protective metabolic sink. Of anthropometric measures, waist circumference seems to best correlate with visceral fat

Sindrom spontane otekline vrata - prikaz slučaja

U prošlosti je korišteno više izraza za označavanje bolesnika sa spontanom, atraumatskom oteklinom lijeve supraklavikularne jame, uključujući \u27benignu supraklavikularnu tumorsku limfangiektaziju\u27 i \u27rekurentnu limfagiektaziju lijeve supraklavikularne jame\u27. Patogeneza još uvijek nije u potpunosti razjašnjena ali se sumnja da je uzrok prolazna opstrukcija duktusa toracikusa. U ovom prikazu izvještavamo o epidemiologiji, kliničkoj slici i radiološkim nalazima u sindromu spontane otekline vrata (SCSS). Bolesnica (55) se javila u hitni objedinjeni prijam zbog otekline vrata s lijeve strane za koju navodi da se naglo pojavila toga jutra. Žali se na osjećaj stezanja u području otekline, te ima dojam gušenja. Pokreti vrata su joj ograničeni. Palpacijski oteklina zauzima lijevu supraklavikularnu jamu u cijelosti, sprijeda seže do prednjeg ruba m. SCM, prema dolje seže do klavikule, straga se širi do trapezoidnog mišića, a prema gore do regije II. Učinjena je laboratorijska obrada, UZV vrata, MSCT vrata i prsišta. Oteklina se gotovo u potpunosti spontano povukla nakon četiri dana. Devet dana od početka simptoma učinjena je kontrolna radiološka obrada koja je pokazala značajnu regresiju ranije opisanih promjena. Zaključno, SCSS je neuobičajen i relativno nepoznat entitet koji uglavnom pogađa žene u perimenopauzi i uzrokuje akutnu, samoograničavajuću oteklinu lijeve supraklavikularne regije. Tjelesna aktivnost i topli vremenski uvjeti mogući su precipitirajući čimbenici. SCSS se može ponoviti i nije povezan s laboratorijskim abnormalnostima, no međutim, i dalje je nužno isključiti druge moguće uzroke akutne otekline vrata

FEED ADDITIVES INCREASE INTAKE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT TANNIN- AND TERPENE-RICH SHRUBS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN MAQUIS

U šest pokusa istraživan je učinak energije (ječma), polietilen-glikola (PEG; pokus: 1 – 3), aktivnog ugljena (AU; pokus 4 – 6) i različitog broja ponuđenih vrsta grmova na hranidbene navike ovaca i koza. U prvom pokusu ovcama i kozama ponuđena su 3 grma, u drugom 2 grma i u trećem pokusu 1 grm s visokim sadržajem tanina, dok su na isti način u četvrtom pokusu ovcama i kozama ponuđena tri grma, u petom pokusu dva grma i u šestom pokusu jedan grm s visokim sadržajem terpena. U prvom pokusu, ovce prihranjivane ječmom i PEG-om više su konzumirale (P=0,002) biomase grmova Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo i Pistacia lentiscus u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu, ali takav učinak nije utvrđen u koza. U drugom pokusu, kada su ovcama i kozama ponuđena 2 grma (Arbutus unedo i Pistacia lentiscus), dodatak ječma i PEG-a imao je pozitivan učinak (P 2 > 1 grma, a isto tako, kombinacija više različitih vrsta grmova ponuđenih životinjama pridonosi većem unosu hrane. Naši rezultati podupiru hipotezu da biološka/ biokemijska raznolikost igra važnu ulogu u izboru hrane biljojeda, te im omogućava bolje zadovoljavanje hranidbenih potreba s jedne strane i izbjegavanje trovanja fitotoksinima s druge strane.In six trials, the effect of energy (barley), polyethylene glycol (PEG; trials 1- 3), activated charcoal (Ach; trials 4 -6) and number of Mediterranean shrubs offered to sheep and goats was examined. Three shrubs with high tannin content were offered in trial 1, 2 shrubs in trial 2 and 1 shrub in trial 3, likewise 3 shrubs with a high terpene content in trial 4, 2 shrubs in trial 5 and 1 shrub in trial 6. In trial 1, sheep receiving both PEG and barley ate more (P=0.002) total shrubs (Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo and Pistacia lentiscus) than did controls, but no such treatment effect was found for goats. In trial 2, supplemental PEG and barley had a positive effect (P 2 > 1 shrubs to animals and also combinations of more shrubs offered to animals promoted greater intake. Our findings suggest that biological/biochemical diversity plays a very important role in herbivore’s diet selection, enabling animals to better meet their nutritional needs and avoid toxicity

The Influence of Habitat on Penduculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) Leaf Anatomy in the Field Trials Koška and Vrbanja

U radu je istraživana varijabilnost anatomske građe listova šest hrvatskih populacija hrasta lužnjakau pokusnim nasadima Koška i Vrbanja. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi razlike u anatomskoj građi listova s obzirom na vlažnost pokusnog nasada, kao i vlažnost staništa iz kojega potječu istraživane populacije. Uzorkovani su listovi s pet jedinki iz svake od šest populacija iz oba pokusna nasada. Jedinke rasle na pokusnoj plohi Koška odlikuju se prosječno debljom donjom epidermom, debljim slojem palisadnoga parenhima, manjom masom suhe tvari lista i većom specifičnom lisnom površinom.Ovi rezultati su odraz reakcije u anatomskoj građi lista na sušne uvjete na pokusnoj plohi Koška u odnosu na nešto vlažnije uvjete na pokusnoj plohi Vrbanja. Razlike u anatomskoj građi lista između dva različita tipa staništa s kojega potječu istraživane populacije (greda, niza) su vrlo male, a očituju se u nešto jačoj reakciji na suše uvjete kod jedinki podrijetlom s vlažnijih staništa (niza).This paper examines the variability of the anatomical leaf structure of six Croatian pedunculate oak populations in field trials of Koška and Vrbanja. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in leaf anatomy considering the humidity of the fi eld trials, as well as the humidity of the habitats which from the studied populations originate. The leaves were sampled from five individuals of each of the six populations from both field trials. Specimens grown in the field trialKoška are characterized by average thicker lower epidermis, a thicker layer of palisade parenchyma, a lowerleaf dry matter content mass and larger specific leaf area. These results are a response of the reaction in the leaf anatomy to drought conditions in the fi eld trial Koška compared to some wetter conditions in the field trial Vrbanja. The differences in the anatomical leaf structure between two different habitat types the studied population originate from are very small, and are reflected in somewhat stronger reaction to the drought conditions in individuals originating from the humid habitats

Candidate gene SNP variation in floodplain populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) near the species' southern range margin: Weak differentiation yet distinct associations with water availability

Populations residing near species' low-latitude range margins (LLMs) often occur in warmer and drier environments than those in the core range. Thus, their genetic composition could be shaped by climatic drivers that differ from those occurring at higher latitudes, resulting in potentially adaptive variants of conservation value. Such variants could facilitate the adaptation of populations from other portions of the geographical range to similar future conditions anticipated under ongoing climate change. However, very few studies have assessed standing genetic variation at potentially adaptive loci in natural LLM populations. We investigated standing genetic variation at single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within 117 candidate genes and its links to putative climatic selection pressures across 19 pedunculate oak (Quercus roburL.) populations distributed along a regional climatic gradient near the species' southern range margin in southeastern Europe. These populations are restricted to floodplain forests along large lowland rivers, whose hydric regime is undergoing significant shifts under modern rapid climate change. The populations showed very weak geographical structure, suggesting extensive genetic connectivity and gene flow or shared ancestry. We identified eight (6.2%) positiveF(ST)-outlier loci, and genotype-environment association analyses revealed consistent associations between SNP allele frequencies and several climatic variables linked to water availability. A total of 61 associations involving 37 SNPs (28.5%) from 35 annotated genes provided important insights into putative functional mechanisms in our system. Our findings provide empirical support for the role of LLM populations as sources of potentially adaptive variation that could enhance species' resilience to climate change-related pressures