Обрезка книжно-журнальных блоков дисковыми ножами, которые имеют кривошипно-ползунный привод

В статті розглянуті геометричні параметри кривошипно-повзунного привода та їх вплив на кут встановлення дискових ножів.In the article is considered geometric parameters of slider-crank drive and their influence on the angle of attack disk knives.В статье рассмотрены геометрические параметры кривошипно-ползунного привода, а также их влияние на угол установки дисковых ножей

Влияние технологических показателей обрезки книжно-журнальных блоков на качество продукции

В статті розглядаються якісні показники книжково-журнальних блоків. Рекомендовані технологічні режими процесу обрізування круглими ножами, що мають планетарний привод.In the article quality are considered indicators of book-journal blocks. Technological modes of process scraps are recommended by round knifes which have a planetary drive.В статье рассмотрены качественные показатели книжно-журнальных блоков. Рекомендованы технологические режимы процесса обрезки круглыми ножами, которые имеют планетарный привод

Ротационное обрезание листового материала во вкладочно-швейно-резальных агрегатах

Розглянуто нову конструкцію пристрою безупинного ротаційного обрізування аркушевого матеріалу у вкладально-швейно-різальних агрегатах.The projected device can be used in inserting-sewing-cuttings aggregates (ISCA) for trimming books, magazine and brochure blocks, preparations of their spine part to the non-sewing glue fastening. In this article the decided question of upgrading trimming of folded sheet material, preparation of his spine to the non-sewing glue fastening at simplification of device, decline of power consumption, increase of the productivity of work of device, by the structural changes of device due to diminishing of total force of cutting and simultaneous implementation of additional operation. A device is contained by two circulating drums with their general drive unit, with mechanisms of carriages and cam mechanism on the one and with arc cutting instruments on the second.В статье рассмотрена новая конструкция устройства безвыстойной ротационной обрезки листового материала во вгладочно-швейно-резательных агрегатах

Автоматизированное проектирование устройства для обработки корешка книжного блока средствами SolidWorks

В даній роботі засобами автоматизованого проектування SolidWorks створено анімацію пристрою для обробки корінця книжкового блока. Створено математичну модель, що дозволяє аналізувати кінематичні та динамічні характеристики пристрою.It is known that the design of new printing equipment or upgrading existing always accompanied by technical difficulties, such as, labor intensiveness of design and planning, a relatively large time consuming of design, manufacture and testing of test samples, determination of quality and technical level embedded design results in production. Some tasks, such as continuous processing of spine of book block before applying glue, can not be solved effectively without integration in the process of design various computer-aided design software. For solving such task the authors was created animated 3D model of the device processing of spine of book block before applying glue in binding method. With a help of SolidWorks was created a mathematical model for analyzing device kinematic and dynamic characteristics. Using CAD software allows creating mathematical models for the analysis of the mechanism with the corresponding graphical display of kinematic variables: velocity and acceleration of any point of the set mechanism based on time or crank angle. The main advantage of CAD software in the design of the mechanism is the possibilities of automatic recalculation of all results in case of using a range of variables (for example input kinematic data). This allows you to select the best option mechanism that is designed and substantially reduce the time for research.В данной работе средствами автоматизированного проектирования SolidWorks создана анимация устройства для обработки корешка книжного блока. Создана математическая модель, которая позволяет анализировать кинематические и динамические характеристики устройства

Конструкция устройства для непрерывной обрезки листового материала в поточных линиях

У статті розглянуто нову конструкцію пристрою безупинного обрізування аркушевого матеріалу в потокових лініях.A new slider-crank type device for continuous trimming sheet material is introduced. The device consists of transporting system clamping mechanism and knife mechanism. Semi-manufactured product is fixed on the table and transported into the cutting section where it is being fixed by the main press and cut is proceeded. To confirm the effectiveness of the mechanism a preliminary calculation is being made of the required engine power.В статье рассмотрена новая конструкция устройства безвыстойной обрезки листового материала в поточных линиях

Транспортно-передающие устройства книжно-журнальных блоков в поточном производстве

У статті розглянуто основні способи і засоби транспортування книжкових і журнальних блоків в потоковому виробництві. Проведено порівняльний аналіз виконавчих механізмів пристроїв, які забезпечують зміну напрямку руху або перебазування книжково-журнальних блоків. Вказані технологічні операції можуть відбуватися під час вистою напівфабрикату так і під час його транспортування. Виявлено, що пасові транспортно-передавальні пристрої мають ряд переваг порівняно з існуючими. Проведено аналіз технологічних факторів, що сприяють збільшенню продуктивності потокового виробництва.In the articles considered basic methods and facilities of transporting of book and magazine blocks are in a conveyor production. The comparative analysis of executive mechanisms of devices, which provide the change of direction of motion or shifting book magazine blocks, is conducted. Indicated technological operations can take place under time will stand on end an intermediate product so during its transporting. It was set that continual treatment book magazine blocks in production lines substantially promotes the productivity stitching-binding productions. Summarizing speed descriptions transport transmission built on, in particular mechanisms of shifting of blocks, change of their direction of motion, it is necessary to mark, that the important index of quality of implementation of every technological operation of treatment of book block is the high-quality basing of ready-to-cook foods, necessary exactness of their keeping and smoothing from two sides. Pass transport transmission the row of advantages has devices. The structural features of ribbon of pass allow freely it to move on sending which do impossible the origin of transversal vibrations. In addition sending create support and necessary effort of clamp of blocks. Synchronization of motion of intermediate conveyers and carriages of devices of shifting of book blocks can be well-to-do only in the case of application of general drive machine.В статье рассмотрены основные способы и средства транспортировки книжных и журнальных блоков в поточном производстве

Аналитическое определение траектории резки корешка книжного блока круглыми ножами, которые вращаются

У роботі пропонується новий, аналітично певний спосіб і відповідні аналітичні залежності для точного визначення траєкторії різання корінця книжкового блоку роторним пристроєм з круглими ножами, розташованими на кінцях ротора. Книжковий блок при цьому рухається мимо роторного пристрою. Знайдені аналітичні залежності перевірено геометричним моделюванням у системі AutoCAD.A new, analytically definite method and corresponding analytical dependencies for the exact determination of trajectory of cutting a counterfoil of book block by the rotor device with the round knives revolving together with rotor are offered in the paper. The book block thus moves past the rotor device. The found analytical dependencies were tested by geometrical modelling in AutoCAD.В работе предлагается новый, аналитически определенный способ и соответствующие аналитические зависимости для точного определения траектории резания корешка книжного блока роторным устройством с круглыми ножами, расположенными на концах ротора. Книжный блок при этом движется мимо роторного устройства. Найденные аналитические зависимости проверены геометрическим моделированием в системе AutoCAD

Age estimation of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) based on morphometric traits

The use of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is still controversial, especially in managed forests, due to its invasive nature. The black locust has been proven effective in reclamation of degraded lands when native species are not an alternative in the face of the climate change and desertification. Therefore, the importance of black locust in European ecosystems remains a matter of debate. Of course, it is an adventitious species originating from another continent. However, the ecological characteristics of the species in its natural range are very useful for ensuring the restoration of vegetation cover in areas that have experienced significant anthropogenic pressure. This species has a large number of important and useful features that make it an important agent in the forestry system and provide significant environmental and economic benefits. The status of black locust as an invasive species, i.e. one that is capable of uncontrolled spread, remains speculative. Such a conclusion requires various studies, including those identifying exact age of the plants based on morphometric parameters. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that plant height and trunk diameter will allow for an accurate assessment of black locust age. The plants of black locust were measured in the zone of spontaneous self-seeding of plants from a planted 60-years-old forest. The plants dispersed towards a fallow land, formed in the corner of an agricultural field. The spreading began 15 to 20 years ago. The plants are mainly propagated by seedlings. An expert estimated the age of the plants visually. The measured trees were cut to obtain cross sections to account for the number of annual rings. A total of 68 trees were examined for morphometric characters. Black locust communities during self-dispersal are represented by individuals of different ages. The spatial pattern of distribution of individuals of different ages can reveal the spatial and temporal dynamics of the formation of spontaneous populations of black locust. For this purpose, it is critical to accurately identify the age of a large sample. Expert estimation of age is fast and fairly accurate, but it depends greatly on the qualifications of the expert and oftentimes plant ages are underestimated, especially in the early stages of population development. Plant height is also a good predictor of plant age, but the model gives poor predictions for plants older than 10 years. The tree height ranged 2.3 to 16.0 meters. The diameter at breast height (DBH) ranged 1.0 to 17.5 cm. The diameter at the root collar (DRC) ranged 1.6 to 21.7 cm. The age of the studied trees, determined by the number of annual rings per transect, ranged 6 to 17 years. The age of the trees according to the expert estimates was 8.2 ± 4.8 years. The expert estimates of age and the age according to the number of annual rings were statistically significantly different. The expert estimates of tree age were linearly related to tree size, while estimates of the number of annual rings showed a logarithmic relationship with tree height. Expert estimates also showed a closer relationship with tree height, while the relationship of estimates based on the number of annual rings had a slightly lower dependence on the morphometric traits. Regression analysis showed that there is a linear relationship between morphometric traits of the black locust. The coefficient of determination for the dependence of diameter at breast height on tree height was 0.96, and for the dependence of diameter at the base of the trunk on diameter at breast height was 0.97. This indicates a high level of multicollinearity of these morphometric traits when considering them as predictors of plant age. Taking into account the diameter at breast height and the diameter at the level of the root collar significantly improved the predictive ability of the model for identifying the age of the black locust trees

Urban park layers: Spatial variation in plant community structure

Horizontal structure of natural plant communities attracted the attention of researchers for a long time, while the problem of horizontal structure of urban park plantations was not studied sufficiently. Species richness of different tiers of park plantation in the large industrial city of Dnipro (Ukraine) was revealed in this study. Also features of variation in the structure of plant communities at different spatial levels were revealed, the influence of park plantation canopy on the understory and herbaceous layer of the park. There were 30 plant species in the tree layer of the park plantation. The most common species were Robinia pseudoacacia L., Acer platanoides L., A. negundo L., Gleditsia triacanthos L., Aesculus hippocastanum L., Populus carolinensis Moench. The variance-to-mean ratio revealed that 13 tree species were randomly distributed throughout the park, and 14 species were aggregated. The number of occurrences of a given tree species per site and variance-to-mean ratio were positively correlated. The numerous tree species showed a tendency of aggregated distribution within the park. Sixteen plant species were found in the understory. Among them, the most abundant species were Acer platanoides L., A. negundo L., A. pseudoplatanus L., Sambucus nigra L., Robinia pseudoacacia L. Eight species were found to be randomly distributed over the park area, and eight species showed an aggregate distribution. The number of species encountered in the understory and variance-to-mean ratio were positively correlated. In the herbaceous stand, 99 plant species were found, of which Chelidonium majus L., Viola odorata L., Impatiens parviflora DC., Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch., Geum urbanum L. predominated. The variance-to-mean ratio of all species was significantly less than unity, indicating regular spatial distribution. The values of alpha- and gamma-diversity of the plant community in separate layers are very different. The highest gamma diversity was found for the herbaceous stand, while the diversity of the tree stand and understory was significantly lower. Alpha biodiversity of the tree stand and the understory did not practically differ. Beta diversity values between the layers are very close, and beta diversity is practically equal for tree stand and herbaceous layer. Thus, we can assume that the mechanisms of species turnover for the plant communities of different layers are determined by the common causes. The spatial broad-scale component was able to explain 8.2% of community variation, the medium-scale component was able to explain 4.2% of community variation, and the fine-scale component was able to explain 0.7% of community variation. The understory is the most sensitive to the environmental factors, the herbaceous stand is somewhat less sensitive, and the tree stand is the least sensitive to the environmental factors. The environmental factors in this study are represented by a set of variables. The spatial variation of the stand is predominantly influenced by the factors of trophicity and moisture of the edaphotope. These same factors also act on the herbaceous stand and understory, but along with them are included the environmental variables, which are determined by the architectonics of the crown space and thus the light regime, which is regulated by the tree stand. It is important to note that the variation of the communities of the different layers of the park plantation is subject to spatial patterns. The herbaceous and understory variation is more spatially structured than the tree stand variation. The spatial patterns can arise as a result of the influence of spatially structured environmental factors and as a result of factors of a neutral nature. The latter aspect of variation is best described by the pure spatial component of community variation

Ecological-climatic characteristics of the flora of a floodplain landscape in Southeastern Europe

Floodplain ecosystems take on the role of active areas of biodiversity and provide many “ecosystem services”, as evidenced by a number of European scientific references. A biodiversity analysis of river floodplains in six European countries within the temperate zone has shown that the floodplains are habitats with a high-level of structural and functional dynamics. The level of their conservation reflects the floristic diversity of forest territories, which is especially important for subarid areas. Recently, a comparison of bioecological characteristics of flora in floodplain forest areas and treeless territories was conducted on the floodplain landscapes of a subarid region of Europe. The valley-terraced landscape of the Samara River, a tributary of the Dnieper can serve as a reference site of native plant complexes of subarid territory in Eastern Europe. Despite long-term anthropogenic transformation, the landscape has retained a significant phytodiversity level. The flora of the Samara River area includes 887 plant species. Of these, 177 species belonging to the rare and endangered categories. The floodplain landscape is the richest in species and most diverse part of this complex. The flora of the Samara floodplain includes 728 species (including 132 rare ones), of which 631 grow in forest communities, and 487 – in anthropogenically transformed, treeless floodplain areas. As part of the forest flora, the number of tree and shrubby species, scyophytes, hygrophytes, and megatrophs significantly increases compared to treeless sites, and the number of ruderal plant species decreases. The floristic composition of the floodplain forests of the subarid region is much richer and more diverse than the flora of the treeless floodplain areas, and this should encourage measures for their protection and restoration. Afforestation of floodplain territories within the steppe zone of Ukraine should be a priority in comparison with other landscapes. For the protection of the flora studied, a scientific justification for creating the National Park "Samara Bor" was prepared. Under the conditions of anthropogenic and climatic impact, this article is of great global importance for attracting the attention of specialists, authorities and society to the protection and restoration of biodiversity in the most valuable landscapes