6 research outputs found
Pyridones as Highly Selective, Noncovalent Inhibitors of T790M Double Mutants of EGFR
The rapid advancement of a series
of noncovalent inhibitors of
T790M mutants of EGFR is discussed. The optimization of pyridone <b>1</b>, a nonselective high-throughput screening hit, to potent
molecules with high levels of selectivity over wtEGFR and the broader
kinome is described herein
Discovery of a Noncovalent, Mutant-Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor
Inhibitors
targeting the activating mutants of the epidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR) have found success in the treatment of EGFR
mutant positive non-small-cell lung cancer. A secondary point mutation
(T790M) in the inhibitor binding site has been linked to the acquired
resistance against those first generation therapeutics. Herein, we
describe the lead optimization of a series of reversible, pan-mutant
(L858R, del<sub>746–750,</sub> T790M/L858R, and T790M/del<sub>746–750</sub>) EGFR inhibitors. By use of a noncovalent double
mutant (T790M/L858R and T790M/del<sub>746–750</sub>) selective
EGFR inhibitor (<b>2</b>) as a starting point, activities against
the single mutants (L858R and del<sub>746–750</sub>) were introduced
through a series of structure-guided modifications. The in vitro ADME-PK
properties of the lead molecules were further optimized through a
number of rational structural changes. The resulting inhibitor (<b>21</b>) exhibited excellent cellular activity against both the
single and double mutants of EGFR, demonstrating target engagement
in vivo and ADME-PK properties that are suitable for further evaluation.
The reversible, noncovalent inhibitors described complement the covalent
pan-mutant EGFR inhibitors that have shown encouraging results in
recent clinical trials
Noncovalent Mutant Selective Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors: A Lead Optimization Case Study
Because
of their increased activity against activating mutants,
first-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors
have had remarkable success in treating non-small-cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) patients, but acquired resistance, through a secondary mutation
of the gatekeeper residue, means that clinical responses only last
for 8–14 months. Addressing this unmet medical need requires
agents that can target both of the most common double mutants: T790M/L858R
(TMLR) and T790M/del(746-750) (TMdel). Herein we describe how a noncovalent
double mutant selective lead compound was optimized using a strategy
focused on the structure-guided increase in potency without added
lipophilicity or reduction of three-dimensional character. Following
successive rounds of design and synthesis it was discovered that cis-fluoro
substitution on 4-hydroxy- and 4-methoxypiperidinyl groups provided
synergistic, substantial, and specific potency gain through direct
interaction with the enzyme and/or effects on the proximal ligand
oxygen atom. Further development of the fluorohydroxypiperidine series
resulted in the identification of a pair of diastereomers that showed
50-fold enzyme and cell based selectivity for T790M mutants over wild-type
EGFR (wtEGFR) in vitro and pathway knock-down in an in vivo xenograft
model
Mitigation of Acetylcholine Esterase Activity in the 1,7-Diazacarbazole Series of Inhibitors of Checkpoint Kinase 1
Checkpoint
kinase 1 (ChK1) plays a key role in the DNA damage response, facilitating
cell-cycle arrest to provide sufficient time for lesion repair. This
leads to the hypothesis that inhibition of ChK1 might enhance the
effectiveness of DNA-damaging therapies in the treatment of cancer.
Lead compound <b>1</b> (GNE-783), the prototype of the 1,7-diazacarbazole
class of ChK1 inhibitors, was found to be a highly potent inhibitor
of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and unsuitable for development. A
campaign of analogue synthesis established SAR delineating ChK1 and
AChE activities and allowing identification of new leads with improved
profiles. In silico docking using a model of AChE permitted rationalization
of the observed SAR. Compounds <b>19</b> (GNE-900) and <b>30</b> (GNE-145) were identified as selective, orally bioavailable
ChK1 inhibitors offering excellent in vitro potency with significantly
reduced AChE activity. In combination with gemcitabine, these compounds
demonstrate an in vivo pharmacodynamic effect and are efficacious
in a mouse p53 mutant xenograft model
Cell Active Hydroxylactam Inhibitors of Human Lactate Dehydrogenase with Oral Bioavailability in Mice
A series
of trisubstituted hydroxylactams was identified as potent
enzymatic and cellular inhibitors of human lactate dehydrogenase A.
Utilizing structure-based design and physical property optimization,
multiple inhibitors were discovered with <10 μM lactate IC<sub>50</sub> in a MiaPaca2 cell line. Optimization of the series led
to <b>29</b>, a potent cell active molecule (MiaPaca2 IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.67 μM) that also possessed good exposure when
dosed orally to mice
Discovery of a Potent and Selective in Vivo Probe (GNE-272) for the Bromodomains of CBP/EP300
The single bromodomain of the closely
related transcriptional regulators
CBP/EP300 is a target of much recent interest in cancer and immune
system regulation. A co-crystal structure of a ligand-efficient screening
hit and the CBP bromodomain guided initial design targeting the LPF
shelf, ZA loop, and acetylated lysine binding regions. Structure–activity
relationship studies allowed us to identify a more potent analogue.
Optimization of permeability and microsomal stability and subsequent
improvement of mouse hepatocyte stability afforded <b>59</b> (GNE-272, TR-FRET IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.02 μM, BRET IC<sub>50</sub> = 0.41 μM, BRD4(1) IC<sub>50</sub> = 13 μM) that retained
the best balance of cell potency, selectivity, and in vivo PK. Compound <b>59</b> showed a marked antiproliferative effect in hematologic
cancer cell lines and modulates <i>MYC</i> expression in
vivo that corresponds with antitumor activity in an AML tumor model