THE METRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME FITNESSGRAM TESTS AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF APLICATION IN THE PRIMARY EDUCATION

In this research the metric characteristics of newly applied tests of motor skills were established on primary school pupils. The research was carried out on a sample of male and female pupils of 3rd and 4th grade of elementary school, which territorially belong to the urban area of Sisak and Moslavina County and were schooled in cities of Petrinja and Sisak. Altogether 327 pupils were involved in this research. The sample of variables consisted of 2 anthropometric variables (body height and body weight), and 4 tests for motor skills assessment (Shuttle run, Curl up test, Push up 90° test and Sit and reach test). In composite tests Cronbach’s varied from 0,939 – 0,978, which is considered to be a satisfactory level of reliability. Interclass coeffi cient of correlation (ICC) in these tests of motor skills was very high, ranging from 0,94 – 0,98. The coeffi cient of homogeneity was assessed by average correlation between items (AVR), and ranged from minimum value of 0,839 in the test Shuttle run to the highest value of 0,978 in the Sit and reach (left leg) test. The reliability in the Push up 90° test was r=0,74, and in the test Curl up was 0,63. In both tests, t – test results as a way of establishing homogeneity did not show statistically signifi cant differences. After the analysis, the tests Shuttle run and Sit and reach can be suggested as tests for motor skills assessment, unlike the Curl up and Push up 90° test are not recommended to use in this form

FREKVENCIJA SRCA I RAZINA PAŽNJE I OPUŠTENOSTI TIJEKOM GAÐANJA KOD VRHUNSKIH STRELIČARA

The main purpose of this paper was to present single channel EEG records and heart rate (HR) changes during shooting routine of 8 experienced archers. Possible differences between recurve and compound shooters in named values were investigated in accordance to arrow score. Additional contribution of this study was systematical review of psychophysiological studies done in archery. Descriptive statistics revealed that compound shooters achieved higher arrow score values, had higher heart rate values pre, during and post shooting, had higher attention values pre, during and post shooting and very similar meditation values pre, during and post shooting according to recurve shooters. ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0,01) between compound shooters and recurve shooters in variables of arrow score, all heart rate and attention level variables, except ones concerning meditation levels. Overall, the obtained results were interesting and can serve as a starting ground for future experiments in order to reach valid and concrete biofeedback data that will support archery excellence.Cilj ovog rada bila je prezentacija vrijednosti jednokanalnog mobilnog EEG-a i vrijednosti frekvencije srca tijekom gaðanja 8 vrsnih streličara. Istraživane su potencijalne razlike u navedenim varijablama u odnosu na postignuti rezultat izmeðu dvije vrste streličara: sa zakrivljenim i složenim lukom. Dodatna vrijednost ovog rada je i pregled svih radova koji se tiču psihofizioloških mjera unutar streličarstva. Deskriptivna statistika pokazala je kako streličari sa složenim lukom postižu bolje pogotke, imaju više vrijednosti frekvencije srca prije, tijekom i nakon otpuštanja/okidanja, imaju više vrijednosti koncentracije/pažnje prije, tijekom i nakon otpuštanja/okidanja, i vrlo slične vrijednosti opuštenosti prije, tijekom i nakon otpuštanja/okidanja u odnosu na streličare sa zakrivljenim lukom. ANOVA je pokazala značajne razlike (p<0,01) izmeðu streličara sa složenim i zakrivljenim lukom u varijablama vrijednosti pogotka, frekvencije srca i nivoa koncentracije/pažnje. Zaključno, dobiveni rezultati su zanimjivi i mogu poslužiti kao osnova za buduća istraživanja kako bi se dobili konkretni i pouzdani biofeedback protokoli koji će poboljšati ukupnu streličarsku izvedbu

THE METRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME FITNESSGRAM TESTS AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF APLICATION IN THE PRIMARY EDUCATION

In this research the metric characteristics of newly applied tests of motor skills were established on primary school pupils. The research was carried out on a sample of male and female pupils of 3rd and 4th grade of elementary school, which territorially belong to the urban area of Sisak and Moslavina County and were schooled in cities of Petrinja and Sisak. Altogether 327 pupils were involved in this research. The sample of variables consisted of 2 anthropometric variables (body height and body weight), and 4 tests for motor skills assessment (Shuttle run, Curl up test, Push up 90° test and Sit and reach test). In composite tests Cronbach’s varied from 0,939 – 0,978, which is considered to be a satisfactory level of reliability. Interclass coeffi cient of correlation (ICC) in these tests of motor skills was very high, ranging from 0,94 – 0,98. The coeffi cient of homogeneity was assessed by average correlation between items (AVR), and ranged from minimum value of 0,839 in the test Shuttle run to the highest value of 0,978 in the Sit and reach (left leg) test. The reliability in the Push up 90° test was r=0,74, and in the test Curl up was 0,63. In both tests, t – test results as a way of establishing homogeneity did not show statistically signifi cant differences. After the analysis, the tests Shuttle run and Sit and reach can be suggested as tests for motor skills assessment, unlike the Curl up and Push up 90° test are not recommended to use in this form

Videodemonstracija kao način poučavanja

The advancement of technology and an easy access to it have contributed to everyday use of different technical aids in all aspects of human society as an essential work asset. In the area of education, especially within the area of physical exercise, when a new task is introduced, the most frequently used method is “live” demonstration, which enables smooth information transfer to students. A video demonstration is also very interesting as a means of information transfer. Model learning cannot be considered a simple imitation within a specific area of motor behavior, since it is a process in which a subject observes the model behavior and adjusts it to his/her performance, as a result of interaction (Horn & Williams, 2004). It is an effective method used for learning simple and complex motor tasks. If observation is combined with physical performance of the task, it significantly contributes to the learning of the observed skills (Wulf, Shea, & Lewthwaite, 2010). An expert video demonstration or direct demonstration is the most common way of giving instructions when learning motor tasks (Doussoulin & Rehbein, 2011). The use and practical application of expert video demonstration was confirmed in other areas as well. Research on video demonstration effectiveness in learning different skills, as well as comparison with other ways of learning, has been conducted on different samples of respondents: medical students, nurses, children with developmental difficulties when learning social skills, students with emotional problems in behavior, 12-18 months old children. The main goal of this paper is a review of literature considering video demonstration as a means of information feedback for facilitated learning of certain motor tasks in a particular field of kinesiology.Napredak, pristupačnost i sve veće mogućnosti tehnike doveli su do svakodnevne primjene tehničkih pomagala kao sredstava za rad u svim područjima društvenog života. Prilikom prijenosa informacija, odnosno upoznavanja s novim zadatkom, osobito kod tjelesnog vježbanja, najčešće se koriste opis i „živa“ demonstracija. Posebno je zanimljiva sve veća primjena videoprikaza (videodemonstracija) kao načina prijenosa informacija. Učenje promatranjem modela ne može se smatrati jednostavnom imitacijom unutar specifičnog prostora motoričkog ponašanja, već je to proces u kojem ispitanik promatra ponašanje modela i u interakciji ga prilagođuje vlastitoj izvedbi (Horn i Williams, 2004). To je djelotvorna metoda učenja rješavanja jednostavnih i kompleksnih motoričkih zadataka, a promatranje izvedbe, ako je povezano s izvođenjem zadatka, značajno doprinosi učenju promatranih vještina (Wulf, Shea i Lewthwaite, 2010). Videoprikaz izvedbe eksperta ili izravna demonstracija najuobičajeniji je oblik davanja instrukcija tijekom učenja motoričkog zadatka (Doussoulin i Rehbein, 2011). Uporabu i praktičnu primjenu videodemonstracija ima i u drugim područjima. Istraživanja učinkovitosti videodemonstracije prilikom usvajanje raznih vještina provedena su kod studenata sestrinstva, kod učenja socijalnih vještina, najčešće kod djece s poteškoćama u razvoju, studenata s emocionalnim poteškoćama i poteškoćama u ponašanju, kod djece u dobi od 12 do 18 mjeseci, i kod djece koja su u postupku rehabilitacije. Cilj je ovog rada prikazati istraživanja u kojima je primjenjivana videodemonstracija kao način pružanja informacija za olakšavanje usvajanje određenih motoričkih zadataka u pojedinim poljima kineziologije

MORFOLOŠKE RAZLIKE IZMEÐU IGRAČKIH POZICIJA KOD VRHUNSKIH RUKOMETAŠA

This study presents morphological characteristics of 37 elite Croatian junior and senior national male handball players. A set of 27 anthropometric measures were carried out on 9 wing attack players, 6 pivots, 5 goalkeepers and 17 back court players. The body fat percentage and the BMI were calculated. ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between wing attackers and other playing positions in variables of body height, body mass, biltareral measures of leg and arm length, abdomen skinfold, circumference of right extended upperarm, circumference of right flexed upperarm, bilateral measures of forearm circumference, circumference of right upperleg, bilateral measures of lower leg circumference and abdominal circumference. Morphological characteristics can influence the ability of players to respond better to the requirements of the certain position in the game.U ovom radu predstavljene su morfološke karakteristike 37 vrhunskih hrvatskih juniorskih i seniorskih rukometaša. Mjerenja su provedena putem seta od 27 antropometrijskih mjera, izmjerenih na 9 krilnih igrača, 6 pivota, 5 golmana i 17 vanjskih igrača. Postotak masti ITM (Indeks tjelesne mase) su izračunati. Univarijatna analiza varijance (ANOVA) pokazala je statistički značajne razlike izmeðu krila i igrača sa ostalih pozicija u igri u varijablama tjelesne visine, tjelesne mase, obostrano u mjerama dužine ruke i noge, kožnom naboru trbuha, opsegu desne ispružene nadlaktice, ospegu desne savijene nadlaktice, obostrano u mjerama opsega podlaktice i potkoljenice, opsegu desne natkoljenice i opsegu trbuha. Morfološke karakterisitke mogu utjecati na bolji odgovor igrača obzirom na zahtjeve pojedine igračke pozicij

Effects of different metrical protocols for assesment of motor status in primary education

Važnost motoričkih sposobnosti očituje se u obavljanju svakodnevnih kao i svih kinezioloških aktivnosti. Napredak i razvoj tehnike te sve veća mogućnost i pristupačnost istoj, dovela je do svakodnevne primjene raznih tehničkih pomagala u svim društvenim sferama života kao sredstvo neophodno za rad. U području edukacije, a osobito tjelesnog vježbanja, kod prijenosa informacija, odnosno za upoznavanje sa zadatkom koristi se najčešće opis i živa demonstracija, a na tom principu su primjenjivani i metrijski protokoli zaprocjenu razine motoričkih sposobnosti kod djece. Unazad nekoliko godina uz standardni protokol sa živom demonstracijom počinju se primjenjivati različiti oblici protokola s kojima se učenje i usvajanje motoričkih znanja može značajno poboljšati. Jedan od načina prijenosa informacija, odnosno upoznavanja s nekim zadatkom, je video prikaz izvedbe odstrane modela, eksperta. Stoga se u ovo istraživanje krenulo s ciljem utvrđivanja učinka dva različita metrijska protokola, dosadašnjeg standardnog i novog protokola s video demonstracijom, na procjenu realnog rezultata pri utvrđivanju motoričkog statusa učenika u primarnom obrazovanju. Uzorak ispitanika obuhvatio je učenike trećeg i četvrtog razreda iz četiri osnovne škole koje teritorijalno pripadaju urbanom području Sisačko-moslavačke županije i školuju se u gradovima Petrinji i Sisku. Ukupan broj učenika na kojima je bilo provedeno istraživanje je 327, od čega je bilo 186 dječaka i 141 djevojčica u dobi od 10,5godina. Učenici su bili podjeljeni u dva subuzorka s obzirom na korišteni tretman (protokol). Uzorak varijabli u ovom istraživanju činile su 2 antropometrijske mjere i 4 testa za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti: Prenošenje spužve pretrčavanjem, Podizanje trupa iz ležanja kratkos pogrčenim nogama, Sklekovi pod pravim kutem i Pretklon na jednu nogu. Tijekom dva boravka u dvorani, prvi put napravljeno je inicijalno testiranje, a drugi put metodom slučajnog odabira i primjene pojedinog metrijskog protokola provedeno je testiranje nakon tretmana u svakom testu. Značajan učinak protokola s video demonstracijom na poboljšanje rezultata dobiven je kod testova Prenošenje spužve pretrčavanjem, Podizanje trupa iz ležanja kratko s pogrčenim nogama i kod dječaka u testu Sklekovi pod pravim kutem, dok u testu fleksibilnosti (Pretklon na desnu i lijevu nogu) nije bilo razlike u učinku obzirom na protokol. Analiza varijance pokazala je kako postoje značajne razlike po spolu u svim testovima za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti, osim u testu za procjenu snage trupa, Podizanje trupa iz ležanja kratko spogrčenim nogama. Dobivene razlike su značajne i na strani dječaka u testovima za procjenuagilnosti i snage gornjeg dijela trupa (Prenošenje spužve pretrčavanjem i Sklekovi podpravim kutem), dok je rezultat značajan i na strani djevojčica u testu fleksibilnosti (Pretklonuna desnu i lijevu nogu). Razlike koje su nastale nakon primjene protokola, vidljive su kod oba spola, a posebno veliko povećanje dogodilo se u testovima za procjenu snage (Podizanje trupa iz ležanja kratko s pogrčenim nogama i Sklekovi pod pravim kutem). U testu za procjenu agilnosti, Prenošenje spužve pretrčavanjem, nakon primjene protokola s videodemonstracijom u odnosu na standardni protokol zabilježeno je povećanje rezultata kod dječaka i djevojčica. Također, rezultati metrijskih karakteristika kompozitnih testova u prostoru motoričkih sposobnosti pokazali su visoku razinu pouzdanosti, homogenosti i osjetljivosti testova, kako na cjelokupnom uzorku tako i kod primjene oba protokola.Ovim istraživanjem potvrđena je hipoteza da predloženi novi protokol koji sadrži i video demonstraciju zadanog motoričkog testa uzrokuje značajno bolje rezultate u odnosu na standardni način testiranja. Time se može kroz racionalniji i ekonomičniji utrošak vremena u nastavnom procesu unaprijediti dosadašnji način testiranja nekih motoričkih sposobnosti i poboljšati pouzdanost mjerenja motoričkih sposobnosti djece.Motor skills are very important in everyday activities and also in all kinesiological activities. The advancement and development of technical industry and the availability of different products made it possible to be present in all social spheres of life as an essential mean of work. In the area of education, and especially within physical exercise, live demonstration is the most common way for information transfer or certain task acquisition and based on that principle majority of metrical protocols are used in order to evaluate the level of motor skills in children. In recent years, besides standard protocol with live demonstration, application of different protocols is also used in order to significantly enhance learning and acquisition of motor skills. One of the ways of information transfer or task introduction is a video demonstration of the task carried out by an expert (modeling). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two different protocols (the standard live demonstration protocol and the new video demonstration protocol) on the assessment of the real result during estimation of motor status in pupils in primary education. The sample was consisted of 3rd and 4th grade elementary school pupils from four different schools in cities of Petrinja and Sisak, which territorially belong to the urban area of Sisačko Moslavačka County. The overall of 327 pupils participated in the study, 186 boys and 141 girls aged 10,5 years. The pupils were divided in two subsamples concerning the used protocol. The sample of variables was consisted of two anthropometric variables and four variables for motor skill assessment (Shuttle run, Sit ups, 90 push-ups and Back saver seat&reach). The testing had two time points. First point included initial testing with all pupils. In second testing pupils were randomly divided in subgroups according to the different protocol. Significant effect of the video demonstration protocol on the result enhancement was evident in tests Shuttle run and Sit ups and in boys 90 push-ups. In the test for flexibility assessment Back saver seat&reach there were no differences according to the protocols. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant differences in all test for motor skill assessment according to gender, except in the test for core strength assessment (Curl ups). Obtained differences are significant for boys in test for agility assessment and upper body strength assessment (Shuttle run and 90 push-ups), while for girls in the test for flexibility assessment (Back saver seat&reach). The differences after protocol application were present in both genders and especially in tests for strength assessment (Sit ups and 90 push-ups). In the test for agility assessment Shuttle run, after the application of the video demonstration protocol in accordance to the standard protocol, higher results were noted in boys and girls respectively. Also, the results of the metric characteristics of the motor composite tests demonstrated high level of reliability, homogeneity and sensitivity in overall sample as well as in both protocols. This study confirmed the hypothesis that the new video demonstration protocol provided better results in relation to standard protocol of assessing motor skills in pupils. Considering that, through more rational and more economic time management in the teaching process, the present way of testing motor skills can be enhanced and reliability of motor skills testing in pupils can be increased

Sudjelovanje na nastavi Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture i bavljenje rekreacijskim aktivnostima tijekom pandemije izazvane koronavirusom

This study was conducted among 137 male students (average age 16.1) of a vocational high school via an online questionnaire concerning online schooling, PE class participation and participation in recreational (leisure) activities before and during the pandemic lockdown. According to the p-value of the Wilcoxon test (p=0.014), the mean value (3.92:3.61), the mode value (4:3) and the frequency of the mode value (46:48) for the observed variables, the students attended PE classes when they were held regularly significantly more than online PE class. Furthermore, the p-value of the Wilcoxon test (p=0.003), the mean (3.72:3.41), the mode (5:3) and the frequency of the mode (57:46) value indicated that students were significantly more engaged in recreational activities before the lockdown than during the lockdown. In order to encourage physical activity during online schooling, a few possible solutions are presented.U ovom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 137 učenika muškoga spola (prosječna dob 16,1) srednje strukovne škole putem upitnika koji se odnosio na online nastavu, sudjelovanja na nastavi Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture prije i tijekom općega zatvaranja izazvanog koronavirusom, te bavljenje rekreacijskim aktivnostima prije i tijekom općeg zatvaranja. Prema p-vrijednosti Wilcoxonova testa (p = 0,014), aritmetičkoj sredini (3,92 : 3,61), modu (4 : 3) i frekvenciji moda (46 : 48) promatranih varijabli, učenici su pohađali značajno više nastavu Tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture kad se održavala normalno u odnosu na online nastavu. Nadalje, p-vrijednost Wilcoxonova testa (p = 0,003), aritmetička sredina (3,72 : 3,41), mod (5 : 3) i frekvencija moda (57 : 46) upućivali su na značajno veće sudjelovanje u rekreacijskim aktivnostima prije zatvaranja nego tijekom zatvaranja. S ciljem povećanja tjelesne aktivnosti tijekom online nastave, predloženo je nekoliko mogućih rješenja

MORFOLOŠKE RAZLIKE IZMEÐU IGRAČKIH POZICIJA KOD VRHUNSKIH RUKOMETAŠA

This study presents morphological characteristics of 37 elite Croatian junior and senior national male handball players. A set of 27 anthropometric measures were carried out on 9 wing attack players, 6 pivots, 5 goalkeepers and 17 back court players. The body fat percentage and the BMI were calculated. ANOVA showed statistically significant differences between wing attackers and other playing positions in variables of body height, body mass, biltareral measures of leg and arm length, abdomen skinfold, circumference of right extended upperarm, circumference of right flexed upperarm, bilateral measures of forearm circumference, circumference of right upperleg, bilateral measures of lower leg circumference and abdominal circumference. Morphological characteristics can influence the ability of players to respond better to the requirements of the certain position in the game.U ovom radu predstavljene su morfološke karakteristike 37 vrhunskih hrvatskih juniorskih i seniorskih rukometaša. Mjerenja su provedena putem seta od 27 antropometrijskih mjera, izmjerenih na 9 krilnih igrača, 6 pivota, 5 golmana i 17 vanjskih igrača. Postotak masti ITM (Indeks tjelesne mase) su izračunati. Univarijatna analiza varijance (ANOVA) pokazala je statistički značajne razlike izmeðu krila i igrača sa ostalih pozicija u igri u varijablama tjelesne visine, tjelesne mase, obostrano u mjerama dužine ruke i noge, kožnom naboru trbuha, opsegu desne ispružene nadlaktice, ospegu desne savijene nadlaktice, obostrano u mjerama opsega podlaktice i potkoljenice, opsegu desne natkoljenice i opsegu trbuha. Morfološke karakterisitke mogu utjecati na bolji odgovor igrača obzirom na zahtjeve pojedine igračke pozicij

MOGUĆA PREVENTIVNA DJELOVANJA KOD KORIŠTENJA SUPLEMENATA U SPORTSKOJ REKREACIJI

The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and frequency of use (not) allowed supplementation among recreational users and other forms of fitness and recreational content. Domestic and foreign literature clearly indicates the existence of (not) allowed supplementation in sports recreation. It should be noted that the problem of using illegal supplementation in sport, in most of the literature generally, considered in the context of doping in professional sports. Sports recreation area is on this issue largely ignored due to the lack of doping controls in the same extremely nontransparent terms. Therefore, the work is on the one hand aimed at the general empirical clarification of the use of (not) allowed agents among recreationists, while the other side wants to empirically examine their motives for use. These findings ultimately serve the development of preventive and educational guidelines aimed at reducing the use of illegal supplementation. As permitted use of supplementation ( nutritional supplements ) according to the latest research (e.g. Kläber 2010a , 2010b ) is often only the first stage on the way to the use of illegal supplementation ( doping ), it is necessary to analyze the use of illegal supplementation in sports and recreation including an analysis of the use of permitted supplementation. Therefore, this paper addresses the issue of how to use permissible and impermissible supplementation.Glavni cilj ovog rada je utvrditi rasprostranjenost i učestalost korištenja (ne)dozvoljene suplementacije među rekreativnim korisnicima fitnesa i drugih oblika rekreativnih sadržaja. Domaća i strana literatura jasno upućuju na postojanje (ne)dozvoljene suplementacije u sportskoj rekreaciji. Valja istaknuti kako se problem korištenja nedozvoljene suplementacije u sportu u velikom dijelu literature uglavnom razmatra u kontekstu dopinga u profesionalnom sportu. Područje sportske rekreacije je po tom pitanju uvelike zanemareno i uslijed izostanka dopinških kontrola u istome krajnje netransparentno. Stoga je rad s jedne strane usmjeren na opće empirijsko rasvjetljavanje korištenja (ne)dozvoljenih sredstava među rekreativcima, dok s druge strane želi empirijski istražiti njihove motive korištenja. Te spoznaje u konačnici služe izradi preventivnih i edukativnih smjernica s ciljem smanjenja korištenja nedozvoljene suplementacije. Kako je korištenje dozvoljene suplementacije (dodaci prehrani) prema najnovijim istraživanjima (npr. Kläber 2010a; 2010b) često tek prva etapa na putu ka korištenju nedozvoljene suplementacije (doping), neophodno je u analizu korištenja nedozvoljene suplementacije u sportskoj rekreaciji uključiti i analizu korištenja dozvoljene suplementacije. Zato se ovaj rad bavi problematikom korištenja kako dozvoljene tako i nedozvoljene suplementacije

RAZLIKE PO POLU PRILIKOM UČENJA MOTORIČKIH VEŠTINA VIDEO DEMONSTRACIJOM DECE OSNOVNOŠKOLSKOG UZRASTA

The first aim of the study was to determine if there are significant gender differences in newly applied motor skills tests in primary-school children concerning the protocol applied. The second aim was to determine how the newly implemented protocol using a video demonstration of the task affects the differences in outcome between boys and girls compared to the standard motor skills assessment protocol without a video demonstration. The total number of participants was 327, consisting of 186 boys and 141 girls aged 10.5 years. The students were divided into two subgroups based on the protocol applied. The sample of variables consisted of four motor skills assessment tests: the shuttle-run, partial curl-up, 90° push-ups, back-saver sit-and-reach (right and left leg) tests. A three-factor variance analysis investigated the effects of protocol and gender on the result in each test. Statistically significant differences between boys and girls were obtained in the initial measurement and after applying the protocols in the mentioned tests. In the back-saver sit-and-reach (right leg) test, the difference was not significant in the initial measurement with the standard protocol, while it was significant after it was applied. In the curl-up test, there were no differences in scores between boys and girls when using both protocols. Differences in the outcomes after the application of the video demonstration protocol were evident in both genders, and a markedly significant increase occurred in the application of the tests 90° push-ups and curl-up tests, which assess strength.Prvi cilj studije bio je da se utvrdi postoje li značajne razlike po polu u novoprimenjenim testovima motoričkih sposobnosti dece osnovnoškolskog uzrasta u vezi sa primenjenim protokolom? Drugi cilj bio je da se utvrdi na koji način novoimplementirani protokol pomoću video demonstracije zadatka utiče na razlike u ishodu između dečaka i devojčica u poređenju sa standardnim protokolom za procenu motoričkih sposobnosti bez video demonstracije? Ukupan broj učesnika bio je 327, tj., 186 dečaka i 141 devojčice uzrasta 10.5 godina, podeljenih u dve podgrupe na osnovu primenjenog protokola. Uzorak varijabli sastojao se od četiri testa za procenu motoričkih sposobnosti: šatl-ran, parcijalni trbušnjaci, sklekovi do 90°, test gipkosti u sedu sa dohvatom (desna i leva noga). Trofaktorskom analizom varijanse istraživani su efekti protokola i pola na rezultat u svakom od testova. Utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike između dečaka i devojčica na inicijalnom merenju. U testu gipkosti u sedu sa dohvatom (desna i leva noga) standardnim protokolom razlika na inicijalnom merenju nije bila statistički značajna, dok je bila značajna nakon primene video demonstracije. U testu parcijalnih trbušnjaka nije bilo razlike u rezultatima između dečaka i devojčica u oba protokola. Razlike u ishodima nakon primene protokola video demonstracije bile su evidentne u oba pola, a statistički značajan porast utvrđen je u primeni testu sklekovi do 90° i testu parcijalnih trbušnjaka, kojima se procenjuje snaga mišića