Responsabilidad del estado por el error jurisdiccional

Es principio fundamental del Estado de Derecho, que tenga la obligación de reparar los daños injustos que con su actividad ocasione. La obligación se torna de una trascendencia mayor cuando se encuentra referida al campo de la administración de justicia, puesto que es precisamente en éste ámbito donde los particulares persiguen la eficacia de sus derechos. Por ello, en esa función, con mayor razón, debe respetarse íntegramente la esfera de derechos del ciudadano, mediante el efectivo cumplimiento del deber estatal de reparación de daños inferidos cuando se recurre a la Justicia Estatal. La Constitución Política de 1991 significó un gran avance en este asunto. Por primera vez, el ordenamiento superior consagró expresamente el tema de la responsabilidad de los poderes públicos, lo cual se constituye en el punto de partida para el establecimiento del régimen de responsabilidad estatal por causa del funcionamiento de la administración de justicia, régimen que ha tenido su primer desarrollo en la ley estatutaria de la administración de justicia. Decimos primer desarrollo, porque antes de que el constituyente de 1991 se ocupara del tema, la situación de la responsabilidad en materia de administración de justicia en nuestro país, tenía que ver con la responsabilidad personal del juez, pero no del órgano al que pertenece. En la actualidad, tanto en nuestra legislación como en la mayoría de las extranjeras, el error jurisdiccional constituye una de las fuentes de la responsabilidad del Estado por la administración de justicia, abarcando todos los aspectos del derecho, es decir, sin limitarse sólo al ámbito penal. (Extracto de la introducción

Increasing Regional Anesthesia Use in a Serbian Teaching Hospital through an International Collaboration

Many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) report low rates of regional anesthesia (RA) use for cesarean delivery (CD), despite its association with lower maternal major morbidity and mortality. Also, the prevalence of neuraxial analgesia for labor (NAL) is often low in LMICs. We report on the results of a collaboration in clinical education over a multi-year period between Kybele Inc., an international non-profit organization, and Klinicki Centar Vojvodine (CCV), a teaching hospital in Novi Sad, Serbia, to increase RA use for CD and NAL at CCV. From late 2011 through 2015, teams from Kybele participated in annual to biannual didactic conferences and week-long bedside teaching efforts involving obstetric and anesthesia staff from CCV and surrounding hospitals. Ongoing contact occurred at least weekly between Kybele and the host to discuss progress. De-identified quality improvement data on total deliveries, numbers of elective and non-elective CDs, number of vaginal deliveries, type of anesthesia for CD, and the number of NALs were collected. RA use for CD increased to 25% in year 2015 versus 14% in base year 2011 [odds ratio (OR): 2.05; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.73,2.42; p < 0.001]. NAL increased to 10.5% of laboring women in 2015 versus 1.2% in 2011 (OR: 9.6; 95% CI: 7.2, 12.8; p < 0.001). Greater increases for RA use during non-elective CD were observed between 2011 and 2015 (1.4 versus 7.5% of total CD; OR: 5.52; 95% CI: 2.63, 8.41; p < 0.001) relative to elective CD (12.5 versus 17.5% of total CD; OR: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.77; p < 0.001). Overall, RA for CD increased during the 4 year collaboration but was not as great as reported in other countries with similar health-care demographics utilizing a similar program. Detailed descriptions of program interventions and barriers to change at CCV are presented

Molecular dissection of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) export-competent RNP

The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) controls gene expression through its effects on mRNA export and cap-dependent translation, both of which contribute to its oncogenic potential. In contrast to its translation function, the mRNA export function of eIF4E is poorly understood. Using an RNP isolation/mass spectrometry approach, we identified candidate cofactors of eIF4E mRNA export including LRPPRC. This protein associates with mRNAs containing the eIF4E-sensitivity element (4E-SE), and its overexpression alters the nuclear export of several eIF4E-sensitive mRNAs. LRPPRC-mediated alteration of eIF4E's mRNA export function requires the integrity of its eIF4E-binding site and it coincides with the subcellular re-distribution of eIF4E. The eIF4E export RNP is distinct in composition from the bulk mRNA export pathway, in that eIF4E- and eIF4E-sensitive mRNAs do not associate with general mRNA export factors such as TAP/NXF1 or REF/Aly. Our data indicate that mRNA export pathways have evolved for specific mRNAs enabling the differential regulation of biochemical pathways by modulating the expression of groups of genes at the level of their export

A perfusion-based three-dimensional cell culture system to model alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma pathological features

Abstract Although a rare disease, rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is one of the most common cancers in children the more aggressive and metastatic subtype is the alveolar RMS (ARMS). Survival outcomes with metastatic disease remain dismal and the need for new models that recapitulate key pathological features, including cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions, is warranted. Here, we report an organotypic model that captures cellular and molecular determinants of invasive ARMS. We cultured the ARMS cell line RH30 on a collagen sponge in a perfusion-based bioreactor (U-CUP), obtaining after 7 days a 3D construct with homogeneous cell distribution. Compared to static culture, perfusion flow induced higher cell proliferation rates (20% vs. 5%), enhanced secretion of active MMP-2, and upregulation of the Rho pathway, associated with cancer cell dissemination. Consistently, the ECM genes LAMA1 and LAMA2, the antiapoptotic gene HSP90, identified in patient databases as hallmarks of invasive ARMS, were higher under perfusion flow at mRNA and protein level. Our advanced ARMS organotypic model mimics (1) the interactions cells-ECM, (2) the cell growth maintenance, and (3) the expression of proteins that characterize tumor expansion and aggressiveness. In the future, the perfusion-based model could be used with primary patient-derived cell subtypes to create a personalized ARMS chemotherapy screening system

The Presence of D-Penicillamine during the In Vitro Capacitation of Stallion Spermatozoa Prolongs Hyperactive-Like Motility and Allows for Sperm Selection by Thermotaxis

Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) in the horse still yield suboptimal results in terms of pregnancy rates. One of the reasons for this is the lack of optimal conditions for the sperm capacitation in vitro. This study assesses the use of synthetic human tubal fluid (HTF) supplemented with D-penicillamine (HTF + PEN) for the in vitro capacitation of frozen/thawed stallion spermatozoa by examining capacitation-related events over 180 min of incubation. Besides these events, we explored the in vitro capacity of the spermatozoa to migrate by thermotaxis and give rise to a population of high-quality spermatozoa. We found that HTF induced higher levels of hyperactive-like motility and protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PTP) compared to the use of a medium commonly used in this species (Whitten’s). Also, HTF + PEN was able to maintain this hyperactive-like motility, otherwise lost in the absence of PEN, for 180 min, and also allowed for sperm selection by thermotaxis in vitro. Remarkably, the selected fraction was enriched in spermatozoa showing PTP along the whole flagellum and lower levels of DNA fragmentation when compared to the unselected fraction (38% ± 11% vs 4.4% ± 1.1% and 4.2% ± 0.4% vs 11% ± 2% respectively, t-test p < 0.003, n = 6). This procedure of in vitro capacitation of frozen/thawed stallion spermatozoa in HTF + PEN followed by in vitro sperm selection by thermotaxis represents a promising sperm preparation strategy for in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in this species