Differences of protective challenges posed by natural and artificially motivated environmental hazards to obligations in article 11 of the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities

In recent years, mankind has seen horrific incidents of natural and man-made disasters causing forced migration and internal displacement. Examples of those natural environmental disasters to mankind include; earthquakes, floods, storms, hurricanes, landslides among many others. Man-made disastrous include armed conflict violence. Both of these situations are symbolizing examples of incidents that constitute humanitarian emergencies which more than often attract humanitarian attention through triggering humanitarian aid and humanitarian intervention for rescue or call for different forms of life saving measures. This paper is evaluating how the responsiveness, conduct and the accountability of States Parties may vary in the event of dealing with natural environmental disasters in comparison to mankind disasters such as civil wars. That is from being reactive to and becoming passive actors in some of the situations envisaged under Article 11 of the CRPD. The paper makes recommendations in terms of improving the better protecting of vulnerable groups such as persons with disabilities, in the event of forced migrations triggered by natural and man-made environmental emergencies

The law on the right to public breast feeding

In this study a critical evaluation of the role of the law in cases where it is uncertain whether women are likely or unlikely to stand up to breastfeed shaming. In that context, this answer might be far from being clear. Considering the different schools of feminism and natural jurisprudence this right remains vital considering its links with the health rights of the child. However, this study shall explore the ways in which laws of breastfeeding have evolved. Bearing in mind the different schools of jurisprudence the presence as to the purpose of law in this area, there are varied opinions on the purpose of the law. The study explores the UK law in comparison to America in developing a clearer understanding of the ways in which the two societies are using the law to regulate issues of breastfeeding. Prisms of equality discrimination law and employment law are applied in both countries though on the basis of different conceptual and theoretical reasoning. For a global perspective of this area the absence of international clarity on how, why and when the law must protect breastfeeding is dealt with in times of time and situations of humanitarian emergencies. Lessons disability law might learn from breastfeeding wars are also highlighted. The vulnerability of breastfeeding in situations of armed conflicts or breastfeeding with disabilities is incidental to this piece

An analysis of the adequacy of protection afforded by the convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (CRPD) in situations of armed conflict

This essay aims to describe the contrasting approaches to disability described by international humanitarian law (IHL) and international human rights law (IHRL) with the aim of pointing out the approaches/models of disability underpinning two legal regimes. The limits of those approaches/models in the treatment and protection of persons with disabilities shall be investigated and established. Ultimately, the paper considers the possibility of recommending a unified approach/model that should underpin both IHL and IHRL in addressing aspects of disability

Conflict of laws cross to public international laws: the conflicting models in the conceptualisation of disability rights under international humanitarian law and human rights law

Several scholars of legal jurisprudence contend human rights law (HRL) and international humanitarian law (IHL) share same school origin. In fact postmodern scholars of the law school such as Hugo Grotius are classical example of proponents subscribing to the above view. Therefore the two branches of public international law are both founded on the protection of humane, humanity and humanitarian principles thus accounting for the similarities in their major attributes. Contrarily the discussion unveils some research findings exposing the wide differences in conceptualisation the rights of persons with disabilities under IHL and HRL in times of armed conflicts and times of peace respectively. In this case IHL/ LOAC and HRL possess two varied models that are completely irreconcilable on to each other. In this IHL is one branch of public international law according to which the rights of persons with disabilities are framed upon a medical model instead of the social rights based model provided for and promoted under the CRPD for HRL. The paper shall advance this argument by demonstrating the potential of a legal battle between these two sister branches of public international law. This raises the question of sufficiency, coherence in objectivity and adequacy of the two branches of law in reaching the same aims and goals as far as the best interests of disabled people are concerned. Such as autonomy, equal recognition and independent living and adequate protection in the post armed conflict period. This generated a reported made the contradictory models embedded in the theoretical frameworks from the two evident and visible. It is upon this that observations and conclusions on the different characteristics from the two categories of pubic laws reached

Protection of vulnerable groups during armed conflicts

Humanitarian scholars have remained concerned with the devastating harm and destructive effects associated with the new means and methods of conducting armed hostilities. Little research has been done in exploring the social-economic impact warfare has on the rights of vulnerable groups. In this case persons with mental and physical disabilities are more prone to warfare’s changing and challenging environments during and after the end of armed hostilities. There is, however, inadequate research depicting how physical or even mental disabilities could be a probable consequence of armed conflicts. Mixed research methods have been used in exploring themes arising from the war-disability relationship. These themes relate to how armed conflicts have caused and impacted the person with disabilities. The case study model is applied by refereeing chosen examples of armed conflicts. Radom case studies have been used

Models of disability as an analytical tool for representing disability and framing of related obligations in the 1977 state reports to the human rights committee

This papers is designed to use models of disability in examining the manner in which the 1977 State Reports to the Human Rights Committee conceive aspects of disability and the manner in which those conceptions informed the framing of disability related obligations at the time. The paper shall initially justify why models have been perceived as analytical lenses. The medical, social and individual models are the models whose theoretical underpinnings are used to examine the state reports. The paper uses the divergent approaches from models of disability in order to demonstrate how the differences in the presentation of disability as either a consequential attribute of a medical impairment or an outcome of a social construction leads distinctive framing of obligations that States entities expect to be rendered to persons with disabilities. For instance the framing of obligations as mere provision of medical needs rather than accessibility to health rights are a result of the theory underpinning of a model of disability that States are applying or replying upon in reporting about their conceived obligations to persons with disabilities as understood in 1977. The paper is also using State reports of 1977 as a reflection upon historical sources that predate the Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) with a view of understandingthe evolutionary history of the presenttrends in disability rights

Models of disability as an analytical tool for representing disability and framing of related obligations in the 1977 state reports to the human rights committee

This papers is designed to use models of disability in examining the manner in which the 1977 State Reports to the Human Rights Committee conceive aspects of disability and the manner in which those conceptions informed the framing of disability related obligations at the time. The paper shall initially justify why models have been perceived as analytical lenses. The medical, social and individual models are the models whose theoretical underpinnings are used to examine the state reports. The paper uses the divergent approaches from models of disability in order to demonstrate how the differences in the presentation of disability as either a consequential attribute of a medical impairment or an outcome of a social construction leads distinctive framing of obligations that States entities expect to be rendered to persons with disabilities. For instance the framing of obligations as mere provision of medical needs rather than accessibility to health rights are a result of the theory underpinning of a model of disability that States are applying or replying upon in reporting about their conceived obligations to persons with disabilities as understood in 1977. The paper is also using State reports of 1977 as a reflection upon historical sources that predate the Convention on Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) with a view of understandingthe evolutionary history of the presenttrends in disability rights

Protective obligations owed by states to persons with disabilities under international human rights law, before, during and after situations of armed conflicts.

The thesis deals with models of disability that UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies (UNHRTBs) and Regional Human Rights Systems (RHRSs) apply in relation obligations of protecting persons with disabilities before during and after situations of armed conflict. (the three-stage cycle) are examined by this research. That is important in establishing if those models of disability used for disability vary across the three-stage cycle. The three-stage cycle relates to situations before, during and after armed conflict. Such a transition relates to how the protection of persons with disabilities changes from the perspective of a peaceful State, to that of an armed conflict affected State. The thesis uses UNHRTBs and RHRSs as global and regional mechanisms by investigating models of disability that those mechanisms use to guide and direct States through elaborating obligations that States use towards persons with disabilities at the different phases of the three-stage cycle. The research uses models of disability to identify the possible causes of discrepancies in the protection of persons with disabilities such as an increase in their vulnerability. In addition to the limited availability of State resources that compromises the capability of a State to execute the obligations envisioned by UNHRTBs and RHRSs especially during the armed conflict and post conflict stages of the cycle

Effects of Feed Moisture Content, Soybean Ratio and Barrel Temperature on Physical and Functional Properties of Extruded Maize-Soybean Flour Blends

The effects moisture content, temperature and soybean ratio on expanded product characteristics of extruded maize-soybean blends were studied. Response surface methodology was used to study the effects of extrusion conditions on extrudate properties taking barrel temperature (BT), feed moisture content (FM) and soybean flour ratio (SR) as factors. Expansion ratio (ER), water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), hardness and colour (b* - (+) yellowness) of the extrudates were determined. BT and FM had significant effects on ER (p < 0.05). At low FM levels, ER increased with BT. It was observed that both FM and BT significantly affected WAI and WSI. WAI increased as FM increased. Increasing FM to 20% resulted in a decrease in WSI, beyond which an increase was observed. Hardness increased significantly as feed moisture content increased. High SR content significantly increased the extrudate hardness. FM had no significant effect on colour. Colour increased as the SR and BT increased. Significant regression models explained the effects of SR, FM, and BT on all response variables. All of the response variables' R2, were higher than 0.89. Keywords: Maize, Soybean, moisture content, extrusion