Sampling locations and phylogenetic network showing genealogical relationships in the CR between reindeer populations.

<p>Map of Northern Eurasia, with focus on the Eurasian Arctic archipelagos, showing the geographic origin of the samples (a) and a MJ network of the 122 CR sequences (400 bp) (b). Five previously described haplotype clusters (<b>Ic</b>, <b>Id</b>, <b>Ie</b>, and <b>II</b>) [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0165237#pone.0165237.ref026" target="_blank">26</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0165237#pone.0165237.ref069" target="_blank">69</a>] are identified. The MJ network show haplotype sharing between Svalbard (turquoise), Novaia Zemlia (green) and Pechora River (pink) within sub-cluster <b>Ic</b>. Including the Franz Josef Land samples (asterisk) show that 13 of the 15 ancient samples sequenced were identical to the most common haplotype found on Svalbard and on Novaia Zemlia. We also found one individual with a haplotype belonging to sub-cluster <b>Ie</b>, and one haplotype that is unique for Franz Josef Land. The map (a) is printed here for the first time under a CC BY license, with permission of the cartographer Allessandro Pasquini.</p

Frequencies of CR haplotype clusters in the sampled reindeer populations.

<p>Frequencies of haplotypes belonging to sub-cluster <b>Ic</b>, <b>Id</b>, <b>Ie</b> and cluster <b>II</b> in all seven populations. Haplotypes that did not cluster with any of the previously described clusters were placed in cluster <b>I</b>. Haplotype frequencies are calculated from the 400 bp long fragment for all populations, except haplotype frequencies in the ancient material from Franz Josef Land, which were calculated from the 190 bp long fragment. Haplotype frequencies show that <b>Ic</b> haplotypes are common on Svalbard, Novaia Zemlia and in the ancient material from Franz Josef Land. <b>Ic</b> haplotypes are also found in the Pechora- and Peza River populations, but are absent in the domestic reindeer population sampled on Kolguev.</p