ROLE OF POLYAMINES IN INHIBITION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON RICE ANTHER CULTURE DEVELOPMENT

The polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were reported to increase green plant regeneration in rice anther culture. Low response of anther culture of rice sub-species indica may be improved with the addition of putrescine in the culture media. Four experiments were conducted to study the role of polyamines in inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and their effects on rice anther culture development. Anthers of two subspecies of rice, indica (IR64, Krowal, Jatiluhur) and japonica (Taipei 309) were cultured onto media supplemented with putrescine (N6P) and without putrescine (N6). Youngpanicles containing the anthers at mid-to-late nucleate microspores were cold pretreated at 5 + 2°C and incubated in the dark for 8 days before the anthers were cultured. Resultsshowed that medium without putrescine produced an earlier senescence of indica rice anther than that of japonica. The addition of 10-3 M putrescine into the culture media inhibited ethylene biosynthesis as anther senescence delayed, increased the three polyamines contents, and decreased the ACC content as well as ACC oxydase activity in anther-derived calli. In the anther and anther-derived calli of subspecies indica, the totalpolyamines content was lower (10.14 nM g-1 anther and 8.48 nM g-1 calli) than that of subspecies japonica (12.61 nM g-1 anther and 10.16 nM g-1 calli), whereas the ethylene production was higher (32.31 nM g-1 anther and 2.48 nM g-1 calli) than the japonica (31.68 nM g-1 anther and 1.76 nM g-1 calli). This study suggests that application of 10-3 M putrescine in anther culture of rice subspecies indica improves androgenesis by inhibitingearly senescence of cultured anthers and enhancing embryo or callus formation from microspores

Kultur Antera untuk Mendukung Program Pemuliaan Tanaman Padi

The Objectives of rice breeding program in Indonesia is to obtain high yielding varieties, tolerant, resistant to abiotic and biotic stress and appropriate to planting system in specific area. To accelerate the obtainment of the varieties, a combination of conventional and no conventional breeding method can be used. One alternative procedure is anther culture. Doubled haploid lines can be obtained through cholchicine treatment or rattooning of haploid plants. Plants with high heterozygositas (F1 or F2) can be used as anther source to obtain genetic variability of doubled haploid plants. High degree of homozigousity can be obtained at the first (DHO) generation of doubled haploid plants, less than on year. Evaluation of agronomic characters follows m DHI and DH2 generations. Compared to conventional methods, the use of anther culture in rice breeding program has several advantages including efficiency of selection process, reduction of cost, time and labor. Effort to optimize anther culture method and its rize in rice breeding program in Indonesia is discussed

Role of Polyamines in Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Their Effects on Rice Anther Culture Development

The polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were reported to increase green plant regeneration in rice anther culture. Low response of anther culture of rice sub-species indica may be improved with the addition of putrescine in the culture media. Four experiments were conducted to study the role of polyamines in inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and their effects on rice anther culture development. Anthers of two subspecies of rice, indica (IR64, Krowal, Jatiluhur) and japonica (Taipei 309) were cultured onto media supplemented with putrescine (N6P) and without putrescine (N6). Youngpanicles containing the anthers at mid-to-late nucleate microspores were cold pretreated at 5 + 2°C and incubated in the dark for 8 days before the anthers were cultured. Resultsshowed that medium without putrescine produced an earlier senescence of indica rice anther than that of japonica. The addition of 10-3 M putrescine into the culture media inhibited ethylene biosynthesis as anther senescence delayed, increased the three polyamines contents, and decreased the ACC content as well as ACC oxydase activity in anther-derived calli. In the anther and anther-derived calli of subspecies indica, the totalpolyamines content was lower (10.14 nM g-1 anther and 8.48 nM g-1 calli) than that of subspecies japonica (12.61 nM g-1 anther and 10.16 nM g-1 calli), whereas the ethylene production was higher (32.31 nM g-1 anther and 2.48 nM g-1 calli) than the japonica (31.68 nM g-1 anther and 1.76 nM g-1 calli). This study suggests that application of 10-3 M putrescine in anther culture of rice subspecies indica improves androgenesis by inhibitingearly senescence of cultured anthers and enhancing embryo or callus formation from microspores

Kultur Antera Untuk Percepatan Perakitan Varietas Padi Di Indonesia

Rice is a staplefood crop in Indonesia, while the need is increasing due tohigh rice consumption as well as population increase. Theproblems can be solved through increase of national riceproduction. Productivity of lowland and upland should beincreased intensively and other potential dry area outsideJava and Bali Islands should be considered for extending thearea of production. Recently, high yielding variety such assemi dwarf variety, hybrid rice, and new plant type of ricewere being developed by Indonesian breeders. However,new method is needed to complement conventionalbreeding method in order to accelerate rice breeding.Anther culture is one of in vitro culture techniques that canbe used to accelerate the obtainment of pure lines throughdoubled-haploids (DHs) regenerated at first generation ofculture for less than one year. Thus, application of antherculture in conventional breeding will increase the efficiencyof selection process as well as reducing the cost for labour,land and breeder's time. The obtainment of green plantletsderived from anther culture of indica rice subspecies hasbeen improved by the addition of 1 mM putrescine intoinduction and regeneration media. Recently, several uplandrice lines tolerant to abiotic stresses (i.e. low light intensityand aluminum toxicity) and biotic stresses (i.e. leaf andneck blast), several lowland rice/paddy lines tolerant tobiotic stresses (i.e. bacterial leaf blight and blast), andseveral hybrid parental lines (i.e. male sterile, maintainerand restorer) were obtained in 2-3 years from several ricebreeding program involving anther culture. However,potential use anther culture to provide unique geneticmaterial for mapping populations for use in functionalgenomics and molecular breeding has not been explored.The results indicated that anther culture is a feasibletechnology that can be used for accelerating rice breedingprogram in Indonesia

Perubahan Sosial Persfektif Materialisme dan Alih Fungsi Lahan Hutan pada Masyarakat Desa Kuala Tolak Kabupaten Ketapang Kalimantan Barat

Palm oil plantation land is plantation land that produce oil. The increase of the progress the palm oil plantation land in the west Kalimantan. These palm oil plantation land make such social and economic change and the environment to the Kuala Tolak Village. This aim of this resrach is to analyze teh social- economical change and the environtment that experienced by Tolak community since the presence of the palm oil plantation land. This is qualitaive research using case study as its approach. The unit analysis on this research is the society that experiences the change livelihoods to be the woker in the palm oil company, they are selected by purposive sampling. The data collection in this reseach is carried out by observation, indepth interview and documentation. The data validy using source triangulation and then the data being analyzed using interactive model. The result of this research shows that the social change of materialisme prespective that been experienced by Kuala Tolak Villagers is the cause of the change is that new technolog that is, chainsaw. Chainsaw brought the change to the community, that is the old way of the community cutting down the trees is using the axe, it's takes quite a long time to finish a single trees, but nowdays they are using chainshow to cut the trees, so that the time is getting shorter. The use of the technology bring the social change to the community that is emergence of the opening land to palm oil trees. This emergence bring a change to the economic life of the community. Their income is increasing. In the social aspect, their behaviour change in the form of follow the social act in the village, and in the environment wise we can see the change in the environment damage

Evaluasi Penerapan Program Adiwiyata Untuk Membentuk Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan Di Kalangan Siswa (Kasus: SMA Negeri 9 Tangerang Selatan Dan MA Negeri 1 Serpong)

Behavior of environmental awareness is still low, even among students. One effort to create behavior of environmental awareness among students through Adiwiyata program, which is integrate in formal education at all, levels of school. The problem is, application of Adiwiyata program can't guarantee to create behavior awareness. Based on that descriptions, purpose of this study is to evaluate implementation of Adiwiyata program, comparing student's behavior in two different school, and to analyze the relationship between Adiwiyata and behavior of environmental awareness from three aspect, knowledge, attitude, and action. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The result showed, Adiwiyata school have 48% students with high knowledge, 99% students with good attitudes, and 79% students with good action toward environment. In other hand, non Adiwiyata school have 33% students with high knowledge, 99% students with good attitudes, and 76% students with good action toward environment. Thus, there is relationship between implementation of Adiwiyata program to build knowledge, attitude and action toward environment.Keywords: Adiwiyata, behavior of environmental awareness, knowledge, attitude, actionCitation: Iswari, R.D, dan Utomo, S.W. (2017). Evaluasi Penerapan Program Adiwiyata Untuk Membentuk Perilaku Peduli Lingkungan di Kalangan Siswa (Kasus: SMA Negeri 9 Tangerang Selatan dan MA Negeri 1 Serpong). Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 15(1), 35-41, doi:10.14710/jil.15.1.35-4