Impact of Second Hand Smoke on Children’s Health Worldwide and in Pakistan

Tobacco industry is among the biggest cash crops of developed and developing economies. In Americas the biggest cash crop is corn yielding $30 worth of corn per acre in volume but the highest revenue yielding is tobacco yielding$1500 per hector. The biggest players of the industry are Philip Morris International (PM), British American Tobacco (BAT), Altria and China National Tobacco their product line ranges from Cigarettes, Cigars, to Pipe tobacco

An empirical study on the Factors affecting Foreign exchange markets of Pakistan

This study explores the dimensions at which foreign exchange markets of Pakistan are under influence of some internal factors i.e Discount rate and interest rate and how it really effects the Forexchange markets of Pakistan. The study also explores the effect of discount rate and interest rate effects on five major currencies for which the data is collected from state bank of Pakistan, economic survey of Pakistan and business recorder, HEC Digital Library, Articles from different Journals, Annual reports of SBP and KSE, International Financial Statistical Yearbook, BOP & BOT Statistical year book. After analyzing the data the study showedthe overall positive impact of the discount rate and interest rate on the foreign exchange of Pakistan which included five major currencies i.e. USD, GBP, JPY, CAD and EURO. We used correlation and regression analysis to test our hypothesis which says that discount rate and interest rate has positive impact on the foreign exchange market of Pakistan. Keywords: Stock Exchage, Interest Rate, Pakistan Foreign Exchange, Discount rate, Foreign Exchang

Impact of Training and Development on Organizational Performance: Empirical Study on Telecommunication Sector of Pakistan

The Employee Strategic T&D in the organizations as exemplify by telecom sector has been the focal point of this study. The finding of the study revealed the situation of training and development (T&D) in Pakistan and showed that majority of the employees satisfied with the strategic T&D of the firm. There are very few organizations which fulfilled the demand with reference to the requirements of strategic T&D. This leads towards widening the gaps between the required skills and the attained skills of the employees. These circumstances are disturbing the balance and equilibrium of better performance in HRM and development via T&D. Therefore, to fulfill this gap companies are giving attention on the training and implementing a high level roadmap for strategic T&D.

A three in one bottom-up framework for simultaneous semantic segmentation, instance segmentation and classification of multi-organ nuclei in digital cancer histology

Simultaneous segmentation and classification of nuclei in digital histology play an essential role in computer-assisted cancer diagnosis; however, it remains challenging. The highest achieved binary and multi-class Panoptic Quality (PQ) remains as low as 0.68 bPQ and 0.49 mPQ, respectively. It is due to the higher staining variability, variability across the tissue, rough clinical conditions, overlapping nuclei, and nuclear class imbalance. The generic deep-learning methods usually rely on end-to-end models, which fail to address these problems associated explicitly with digital histology. In our previous work, DAN-NucNet, we resolved these issues for semantic segmentation with an end-to-end model. This work extends our previous model to simultaneous instance segmentation and classification. We introduce additional decoder heads with independent weighted losses, which produce semantic segmentation, edge proposals, and classification maps. We use the outputs from the three-head model to apply post-processing to produce the final segmentation and classification. Our multi-stage approach utilizes edge proposals and semantic segmentations compared to direct segmentation and classification strategies followed by most state-of-the-art methods. Due to this, we demonstrate a significant performance improvement in producing high-quality instance segmentation and nuclei classification. We have achieved a 0.841 Dice score for semantic segmentation, 0.713 bPQ scores for instance segmentation, and 0.633 mPQ for nuclei classification. Our proposed framework is generalized across 19 types of tissues. Furthermore, the framework is less complex compared to the state-of-the-art

Employee Training & Development (T&D) in Small Medium Enterprises (SME’s) in Pakistan

Training and development in small medium enterprises is an emerging concept so the organizations should be objective driven to properly take control of their Training and Development (T&D) activities. Increasing competition and globalization means intense competition which requires skilled and trained staff which should be equally competitor of large scale firms. Managers have to work with experts to develop extensive T&D plans to drive the objectives of organization perfectly to save money and work effectively

Development of mathematical model for the prediction of microwave signal attenuation due to duststorm

Signal attenuation caused by duststorm is one of the major problems in utilization of microwave bands for terrestrial and space communication especially at desert and semi desert area. This paper presented a mathematical model developed to predict the microwave signal attenuation due to duststorm. The proposed model enables the convenient calculation of the microwave signal path attenuation which relates visibility, frequency, particle size and complex permittivity of duststorm. The predicted values from the mathematical model are compared with the measured values observed in Sudan and Saudi Arabia shows relatively close agreement