Recent Advance of Enzyme Targets for the Management of Vascular Dementia

The basic understanding of vascular dementia (VaD) and their molecular mechanisms are a too complex phenomenon. VaD associated neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment are due to multiple complications of the neurovascular system. The progress of VaD is due to the central and/or peripheral pathophysiological process of the neurovascular system. There are limited nootropic agents are employed for the treatment of VaD. Moreover, the explored nootropic agents act on multiple targets such as receptors, enzymes, ion channel, free radicals, cytokines, chemokines, and apoptotic proteins. However, the enzyme targets, especially acetylcholinesterase inhibitors played a crucial role in the management of cognitive disorders. The pathogenesis of VaD is involved in the vascular complication and neurodegenerative process. Hence, the enzymatic regulation of neurovascular complication is expected to prevent the VaD. The present chapter attempts to explore the recent advancement of enzyme targets for the management of VaD

Assessing the prevalence of sensory and motor impairments in childhood in Bangladesh using key informants.

OBJECTIVES: The study was conducted to determine whether trained key informants (KI) could identify children with impairments. DESIGN: Trained KI identified children with defined impairments/epilepsy who were then examined by a medical team at a nearby assessment centre (Key Informant Methodology: KIM). A population-based household randomised sample survey was also conducted for comparing the prevalence estimates. SETTING: Three districts in North Bangladesh. PARTICIPANTS: Study population of approximately 258 000 children aged 0-<18 years, within which 3910 children were identified by KI, 94.8% of whom attended assessment camps. In the household survey, 8120 children were examined, of whom 119 were identified with an impairment/epilepsy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence estimates of severe visual impairment (SVI), moderate/severe hearing impairment (HI), substantial physical impairment (PI) and epilepsy. RESULTS: Overall prevalence estimates of impairments, including presumed HI, showed significant differences comparing KIM (9.0/1000 (95% CI 8.7 to 9.4)) with the household survey (14.7/1000 (95% CI 12.0 to 17.3)). Good agreement was observed for SVI (KIM 0.7/1000 children: survey 0.5/1000), PI (KIM 6.2/1000 children: survey 8.0/1000) and epilepsy (KIM 1.5/1000 children: survey 2.2/1000). Prevalence estimates for HI were much lower using KIM (2/1000) compared to the survey (6.4/1000). Excluding HI, overall prevalence estimates were similar (KIM: 7.5/1000 children (95% CI 7.2 to 7.8) survey: 8.4/1000 (95% CI 6.4 to 10.4)). CONCLUSIONS: KIM offers a low cost and relatively rapid way to identify children with SVI, PI and epilepsy in Bangladesh. HI is underestimated using KIM, requiring further research

Comparative Study of Magnetization of Co Thin Films Deposited on Glass, GaAs (001) and Si (001) Substrates

The effect of surface induced anisotropy and interfacial anisotropy on the magnetic properties of Co thin films have been presented. The surface roughness of 100 nm Co film on both the glass and Si (001) substrate is found to be ~ 50 Oe. But the surface roughness of the same thick Co film on GaAs (001) substrate is enhanced to ~ 80 Oe. The enhancement of coercivity of Co thin film on GaAs (001) substrate is due to the special interaction between transition metal Co and GaAs (001). The anisotropy field due to the cobalt silicide interface is responsible for large saturation field required to saturate the Co/Si sample. The squareness of Co thin film on both the glass and GaAs (001) is ~ 1. On the other hand, it is reduced to 0.45 for Co/Si system. Both the surface induced and interfacial anisotropy fields influence the shape of the hysteresis loop

Magnetic and Magnetoresistive Properties of Ferromagnet/Semiconductor Hybrid Structures

Supervisor:Professor Hidenobu Hori材料科学研究科博

Effect of Cobalt Silicide Buffer Layer on Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Co Thin Films Deposited on Si, GaAs and Glass Substrates

Cobalt silicide layers have been grown by E‒beam evaporation of Co onto Si (100) substrate and subsequent thermal treatment at 673K for 5 hours. A fresh layer of 100 nm Co is deposited on the silicide layer (sample‒1). A thin layer of 5 nm Co have been deposited on GaAs (100) substrate and annealed at 673K for 5 hours. A fresh layer of 100 nm Co is deposited on 5 nm annealed Co buffer layer (sample‒2). 100 nm Co films have been grown on glass substrate for comparison. Magnetic properties of Co thin films have been studied by Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Measurements of magnetic properties show that the coercivity is 580 Oe for sample‒1. The coercivity of the sample‒2 is 240 Oe. The coercivity of 100 nm as-deposited Co films on glass substrate is only 50 Oe and the coercivity increases up to 100 Oe after annealing at 673K for 5 hours. Electrical measurements show that the Sample-1 is metallic in nature but the Sample‒2 is semiconducting in nature. In X-ray diffraction measurement, the Co films grown on n-GaAs and Si substrates exhibited a polycrystalline hcp structure. XRD study of Co thin films grown on glass substrate show a microcrystalline hcp structure

Prevalence and associated factors of suicidal behaviors among Bangladeshi rural community people: Findings from the 'BD ComMen Study'.

BackgroundSuicide is considered as one of the major public health concerns, which can be prevented with cost-effective and timely intervention. In Bangladesh, very few studies assessed the suicidal behavior of rural community people. Thus, this Bangladesh Community Mental Health Study (BD ComMen Study) attempted to understand the current situation of suicidality in Bangladeshi rural community people considering three-time frames: lifetime, past year, and past month.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural community in Bangladesh between May 17 and 31, 2022, using a cluster sampling technique. Information on socio-demographics, COVID-19-related factors, depression, anxiety, insomnia, and suicidal behaviors was collected. The Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression were used to analyze the data.ResultsDuring their lifetime, 33.1% of the rural community people had suicidal thoughts, whereas 5.5% made a plan for suicide and 1.8% attempted suicide. The prevalence of past-year suicidal ideation was 3.9%, whereas 1.4% had a suicide plan. In addition, 0.6% had past-month suicidal thoughts, although none of them had planned or attempted suicide. The factors associated with suicidal behaviors included males, lower age, lower educational grade, low-earning jobs, living in a government-provided house, family history of mental health and suicide, and suffering from anxiety and insomnia.ConclusionsSuicidal behaviors among the rural community people are of great concern as most of the rural people in Bangladesh do not have enough mental health literacy for treatment-seeking due to a high level of mental health-related stigma. Thus, this study would likely help to initiate further studies and stimulate suicide prevention programs, because most suicide can be prevented

ComMen data.

(SAV)</p

Infectious causes of childhood disability: results from a pilot study in rural Bangladesh

Purpose: To identify the contribution of infectious aetiologies to major childhood disabilities in Bangladesh. Methods: Active community-based survey was conducted for severe childhood disability using the Key Informants Method between September 2011 and March 2012 in a rural sub-district of Bangladesh. Results: We screened 1069 children and identified 859 with severe disabilities. The mean age of the disabled children was 8.5 year and 42.9% were girls. The major forms of impairments/conditions were cerebral palsy (n1/4324, 37.7%), hearing impairment (n1/4201, 23.4%), physical impairment (n1/4147, 17.1%), visual impairment (n1/449, 5.7%), cerebral palsy with epilepsy (n1/439, 4.5%) and epilepsy (n1/441, 4.7%). Congenital rubella syndrome was identified in 1.1% (n1/49). 7.1% disabilities resulted from clinically confirmed infections, and another 10.8% originated from probable infections; thus a total of 17.9% disabilities were related to an infectious origin. Conclusions: Infectious diseases appear to be one of the major causes of severe childhood disability in rural Bangladesh

Prevalence of refractive error, presbyopia, and unmet need of spectacle coverage in a northern district of Bangladesh: Rapid Assessment of Refractive Error study

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of refractive error (RE), presbyopia, spectacle coverage, and barriers to uptake optical services in Bangladesh. Method: Rapid assessment of refractive error (RARE) study following the RARE protocol was conducted in a northern district (i.e., Sirajganj) of Bangladesh (January 2010–December 2012). People aged 15–49\ua0years were selected, and eligible participants had habitual distance and near visual acuity (VA) measured and ocular examinations were performed in those with V