Long - term fertilization effect of organic carbon and total nitrogen on floodplain soil

Soil organic matter is the most often reported indicator of soil quality and productivity and an evidence of previous soil management. Therefore, in 2017, a laboratory incubation study was carried out in the experimental filed of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA), Mymensingh, Bangladesh under control condition at 25°C for 104 days to investigate the influence of long term manuring and fertilization on soil respiration by means of C mineralization. Soil samples were collected from floodplain soil with rice-rice cropping pattern at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) experimental farm having eight treatments. Long term (33 years) application of fertilizers and manure resulted in significant differences in soil organic carbon, total N content, and soil pH KCl between the treatments. The soil organic carbon and total N content varied among the different treatments from14.9 g OC kg-1 to 17.0 g OC kg-1 and1.60 g N kg-1 (control) to 1.78 g N kg-1 (application of NPK). The soil pH varied among the different treatments from 5.65(application of NK) to 4.89 (application of N). This result indicates that more stable organic carbon was formed in NPK treated soil which is less prone to de-composition if present crop management has been changed

Effect of long term fertilization on soil respiration and enzyme activities in floodplain soil

In agricultural farming system organic manuring and inorganic fertilizer application are the most common agricultural practices. Different fertilizer application lead to differences in soil nutrients, pH, and microbial species, which in turn affect the transformation and decomposition of organic carbon by soil microorganisms. Therefore, a laboratory incubation study was carried out to investigate the influence of long term manuring and fertilization on soil respiration by means of C mineralization and enzyme activities. A parallel first- and zero-order kinetic model was used to describe observed C mineralization in soil. The annual carbon mineralization was found to be significantly influenced by different fertilizer. This result indicates that more stable organic matter was formed in NP treated soil which is less prone to decomposition if present crop management has been changed. Other ward, NP has the highest potentiality to soil for the purpose of carbon sequestration in floodplain soil compared to other fertilizer. Urease activities varied from 4.7µg NH4-N/g soil/2h in NK treatment to 25.7µg NH4-N/g soil/2h in N+FYM treatment. N treatment had a significantly higher urease activity compared to the respective controls. When P, K, S and PK applied separately with N then the treatments show low enzyme activity to control and other treatments (N, N+FYM and NPKSZn). There were no significant differences for Arylamidase activities among the treatments. The arylamidase activities decreased when S applied in combination with N. On the other hand arylamidase activity increased with the application of all other treatment

a health labour market analysis

Funding Information: Authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Pascal Zurn, WHO HQ; Dr. Valeria De Oliveira Cruz, WHO SEARO and Ms Ai Tanimizu, WHO SEARO for their contribution at the proposal development and data collection stage of this activity. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).Background: As the 2016 Global Strategy on Human Resources for Health: Workforce 2030 (GSHRH) outlines, health systems can only function with health workforce (HWF). Bangladesh is committed to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) hence a comprehensive understanding of the existing HWF was deemed necessary informing policy and funding decisions to the health system. Methods: The health labour market analysis (HLMA) framework for UHC cited in the GSHRH was adopted to analyse the supply, need and demand of all health workers in Bangladesh. Government’s information systems provided data to document the public sector HWF. A national-level assessment (2019) based on a country representative sample of 133 geographical units, served to estimate the composition and distribution of the private sector HWF. Descriptive statistics served to characterize the formal and informal HWF. Results: The density of doctors, nurses and midwives in Bangladesh was only 9.9 per 10 000 population, well below the indicative sustainable development goals index threshold of 44.5 outlined in the GSHRH. Considering all HWFs in Bangladesh, the estimated total density was 49 per 10 000 population. However, one-third of all HWFs did not hold recognized roles and their competencies were unknown, taking only qualified and recognized HWFs into account results in an estimated density 33.2. With an estimate 75 nurses per 100 doctors in Bangladesh, the second area, where policy attention appears to be warranted is on the competencies and skill-mix. Thirdly, an estimated 82% of all HWFs work in the private sector necessitates adequate oversight for patient safety. Finally, a high proportion of unfilled positions in the public sector, especially in rural areas where 67% of the population lives, account only 11% of doctors and nurses. Conclusion: Bangladesh is making progress on many of the milestones of the GSHRH, notably, the establishment of the HWF unit and reporting through the national health workforce accounts. However, particular investment on strengthening the intersectoral HWF coordination across sectors; regulation for assurance of patient safety and adequate oversight of the private sector; establishing accreditation mechanisms for training institutions; and halving inequalities in access to a qualified HWF are important towards advancing UHC in Bangladesh.publishersversionpublishe

Musculoskeletal pain and physical health status among confirmed COVID-19 patients of Bangladesh

COVID-19 pandemic is now a great headache for the world population. Respiratory symptoms are the main presentation of COVID-19. However, musculoskeletal pain, headache, loss of taste and smell sense, and neurological manifestations may occur. Identification of patterns of musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and physical health status in COVID-19 is crucial. In this cross sectional study, a total 380 individuals with COVID-19 were recruited from the population following selection criteria. Pain varied widely in hip, neck, leg and calf muscles, back and spine, shoulder, arms and hand, and other parts of the body among the respondents. Inconstant, among respondents of younger age group (aged ≤50 year), 37.59% had moderate pain, 6.77% had severe pain, 13.91% had mild pain, and 41.17% had no pain. On the other hand, among older respondents (aged >50 year) 47.37% had moderate pain, 25.44% had severe pain, 13.15% had mild pain, and 14.03% had no pain. The differences between two groups was statistically significant (p<0.05). However, there was no difference in frequency of pain between males and females. Those respondents who had pain was reported having physical health worse than the average compared to that of those who had no pain. BSMMU J 2021; 14 (COVID -19 Supplement): 1-

Impact of fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of Jatropha and Alexandrian laurel biodiesel blends: An analysis of performance and emission characteristics

This experimental investigation deals with the effects of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) composition and the physicochemical properties of biodiesel on engine performance and emissions. FAME compositions have a considerable influence on the physical and chemical properties of biodiesel, such as density, viscosity, heating value, cetane number (CN), oxidation stability, and cold flow properties. The performance and emissions of a four-cylinder turbocharged diesel engine were studied under varying speeds and full load condition. For this investigation, 10% and 20% blends of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Alexandrian laurel (Calophyllum inophyllum), and palm biodiesels (JB, ALB, and PB, respectively) were used, and the results were compared with that of the B5 fuel (95% diesel and 5% palm biodiesel). The content of saturated fatty acid (methyl palmitate) for ALB and JB was found to be 23.3% and 20.4% higher respectively than that for PB. In total, PB showed 19.8% higher saturation than JB, while ALB showed 7.3% higher saturation than JB because of their higher content of longer chain saturated fatty acid (methyl stearate). The CNs of all three biodiesels increased with the increase of carbon chain length and saturation level, whereas iodine value and saponification value decreased with the increase of saturation level. An average of 2.8% and 4.5% brake power reduction were observed in the case of 10% and 20% biodiesel blends respectively. Brake specific fuel consumption increased in the range of 6%–20% compared with B5 fuel, whereas carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions decreased significantly. Nitrogen oxide emissions increased in the range of 9%–23% for the 10% and 20% biodiesel blends with respect to B5 fuel.</p