Additional file 6: of Chinstrap penguin population genetic structure: one or more populations along the Southern Ocean?

Figure S6. Chinstrap penguins south of their traditional breeding range. A) Breeding pairs at Waterboat Point (Gabriel González Videla base; 64°49’S, 62°51’W), B) a single individual surrounded by gentoo colonies on Doumer Island (Yelcho base; 64°65’S, 63°35’W) and c) another single bird on Avian Island (67°46’S, 68°54’W) in the midst of Adélie penguins. (JPG 43 kb

Additional file 7: of Chinstrap penguin population genetic structure: one or more populations along the Southern Ocean?

Table S1. Allelic richness (A), expected (HE) and observed heterozigosity (HO) values for 11 microsatellite loci, for all examined populations. Study site (collection location) abbreviations correspond to EI: Elephant Island, PI: Penguin Island, BP: Barton Peninsula, AI: Ardley Island, GI: Greenwich Island, MB: Miers Bluff, HP: Hannah Point, CS: Cape Shirreff, BH: Baily Head, VC: Vapour Col, KI: Kopaitic Island, GP: Georges Point, and BI: Bouvetøya. (JPG 424 kb

Additional file 11: of Chinstrap penguin population genetic structure: one or more populations along the Southern Ocean?

Table S5. GeneClass2 percentage test results using microsatellite data for chinstrap penguins from 13 colonies for (a) genetic assignment using Paetkau et al. (1995) criterion and (b) first-generation migrant. Lines indicate the samples’ site collection and columns indicate the colonies to which the individuals were assigned. Colony self-assignments are in bold. (JPG 5437 kb

Additional file 3: of Chinstrap penguin population genetic structure: one or more populations along the Southern Ocean?

Figure S3. Posterior probabilities of population membership from the spatial model with correlated allele frequencies’ model. Lighter colors indicate higher probabilities of population membership. Three genetic clusters were identified using GENELAND. Left: Kopaitic Island, middle: Georges Point, and right: northern WAP locations and Bouvetøya. (DOCX 16 kb

Additional file 8: of Chinstrap penguin population genetic structure: one or more populations along the Southern Ocean?

Table S2. Summary of pairwise genetic differences (ΦST) between chinstrap penguin colonies for mtDNA marker (HVRI). Bellow the diagonal are ΦST values, and their corresponding p-values above the diagonal. (TIFF 2112 kb

Additional file 1: of Chinstrap penguin population genetic structure: one or more populations along the Southern Ocean?

Figure S1. Plot of assignment probabilities from STRUCTURE. A vertical bar represents an individual, and colors represent the different clusters found. All plots were generated via running 10 replicates. Figures show the optimal number of clusters for no admixture model, with independent allele frequency and no location information supplied using A) Posterior probability of K (LnP(D)) and B) Evanno’s method. (DOCX 20 kb

Additional file 2: of Chinstrap penguin population genetic structure: one or more populations along the Southern Ocean?

Figure S2. Plot of assignment probabilities from BAPS. Vertical lines represent each individual and the color refers to clusters found through this analysis. A) spatial with both, mixture and admixture models (K = 1) and B) non-spatial admixture model (K = 7). (DOCX 16 kb

Additional file 9: of Chinstrap penguin population genetic structure: one or more populations along the Southern Ocean?

Table S3. Summary of pairwise genetic differences (FST) between chinstrap penguin colonies for mtDNA marker (HVRI). Below the diagonal are FST values, and their corresponding p-values above the diagonal. (DOCX 18 kb