Historical Change of Neighborhood Community and Marriage Range of Gwembe Tonga in Southern Zambia

社会ネットワークをはじめとする社会関係資本は，人間のレジリアンスの重要な構成要素の１つであり，環境変動へ対応するための社会的基盤となる。しかし社会関係資本は時間経過とともに変容するため，社会ネットワークを静的なものとしてではなく，変化するものとの前提に立つことが理解のために重要である。そのためには，現在のコミュニティーの歴史を理解し，人々のネットワークが周囲といかに関与するか把握することが求められる。ザンビア南部では，ザンベジ川沿いのカリバダム建設に伴い約6 万のトンガ人が強制移住させられた。彼らの出身地は，現在カリバ湖に覆われる，マトンゴ地域である。本件研究の目的は，ダム建設による社会関係資本への影響を把握するため，(1) 旧地縁集団（cisi）ごとの来歴，すなわち村の再定住プロセスを明らかにし，(2)現在の通婚圏を考察することである。カリバダム建設は周辺地域の人々の生活に，直後のみならず，現在まで影響し続けている。特に，強制移住をさせられた人々は，生計環境の悪化によって，いまだに再移住を行う。彼らは，社会ネットワークを新たに構築し，再構築する。これは通婚圏に影響を及ぼす。ダム建設以前，人々は当時の地縁集団（cisi）内で配偶者を見つけ，結婚した。その後，移住を強制された人々は同一cisi の成員ではない，新たな隣人との婚姻を開始した。以降，人々は再移住を続け，通婚圏は更なる変化を続ける。Social capital including social network is an important component of human resilience, i.e. the social capacity to respond to change (Walker et al. 2006). But social capital changes over time and it is important to understand social networks as evolving rather than static. This requires some understanding of the history of present communities and how their networks relate to one another and to those living elsewhere.In southern Zambia, 57,000 of Gwembe Tonga people were resettled involuntarily with the construction of Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River (Scudder, 2005). They refer to their previous residential area now covered by Lake Kariba as Matongo. To understand how social capital has been influenced by construction of Kariab Dam, this study looks (1) at the transitional history of several cisi, (2) and then analyzes the present range of marriage of their members.Resettled people have continued to migrate as resettled area degraded. They have also continued to reconstruct or form new social networks to meet current contingencies. This is reflected in marriage alliance. Prior to resettlement, most marriages were within the neighborhood (cisi). Thereafter, resettled people began to intermarry with people in their new vicinities. Since then people continue to move to new areas and the range of potential marriage partners continue to change

The Importance of Sweet Potatoes in Rural Villages in Southern Province, Zambia

ザンビアにおける食料安全保障を改善するためには、安定したメイズ生産と生産性の向上が重要である。しかし、多くの農民は天水農業下でメイズを栽培しており、メイズに偏重した作付けは干ばつや過度の降雨に脆弱である。したがって、気候変動に直面しながら食料安全保障を成し遂げるには、作物の多様性を増すことが重要となる。サツマイモは自家消費用食料、ならびに世帯の現金収入源として大きな可能性があるといわれている。そこで、本研究では、ザンビア南部州農村地帯の3 サイトにおいて、サツマイモ品種についての農民の知識を理解すること、また、サツマイモの生産と消費を明らかにすることを目的とした。サツマイモは雨季、乾季ともに栽培されているが、その栽培割合は季節間、サイト間で異なっている。農民へのインタビューの結果、22 種類ものサツマイモ品種があることが判明したが、彼らの多くは1 種類も回答することができなかった。また、確認された22 種類のうち栽培されていたのは10 種類に過ぎなかった。調査した3サイトのうち1 サイトでは、特にサツマイモ生産が盛んにおこなわれていたが、そのサイトでのさらなる調査の結果、サツマイモの塊根は主に朝食として利用されており、1 年間の全食事を通じてみると、1 週間に2 回程度消費されていた。消費は収穫直後に最も高く、徐々に減少した。サツマイモの葉は、ほとんど消費されていないこともわかった。サツマイモ販売による売り上げ額は高く、１年間当たりの売り上げで大人7.4 人分の主食（メイズの粗挽き粉）を購入できることがわかった。Stable maize production and increased productivity are important for improved food security in Zambia. Because most farmers cultivate maize under rain-fed agriculture, however, a maize monoculture is vulnerable to drought or excessive rainfall. Increasing the diversification of crops and crop varieties is therefore important to achieve food security in the face of a changing climate. The sweet potato is an important secondary food in Zambia and has great potential both as a crop for consumption and as a source of income. The aim of the study was to determine farmers’ familiarity with sweet potato varieties and their features and to clarify production and consumption patterns in a rural area in Southern Province, Zambia. Field studies and farmer interviews were conducted at three sites. Farmers in the study area planted sweet potato in both the rainy and dry seasons, but sweet potato production varied between planting seasons and among the three study sites. As a group, farmers were able to identify a total of 22 sweet potato varieties, but many farmers were not able to identify a single variety, and only 10 of the 22 identified varieties were actually cultivated in the study area. Sweet potato production was much greater at one site. Further study of some households at this site indicated that sweet potato tubers were consumed about twice a week, most commonly for breakfast. Consumption was highest during and immediately after the harvest and then gradually decreased. Sweet potato leaves were rarely consumed. Annual sweet potato sales per person generated sufficient income at this site to purchase enough mealiemeal (a local staple food) to feed 7.4 adults for a year

Analysis of Meteorological Measurements made over Three Rainy Seasons and Rainfall Simulations in Sinazongwe District, Southern Province, Zambia

Zambia has frequently been affected by abnormal weather and droughts. Our research focused on the type of meteorological data required to assist farmers\u27 efforts to avoid the risks associated with these weather conditions. We conducted local meteorological observations from September 2007 to August 2010 at three sites in Sinazongwe District, Zambia. The three rainy seasons of this period coincided in sequence with La Niña (normal) and El Niño conditions. The mean annual precipitation for the three years of our study exceeded 1200 mm, which was considerably more than the regional annual average rainfall from 1970 to 2000 of a round 800 mm per year. We used detailed analyses of intraseasonal variations in other meteorological elements to attempt to explain the high precipitation.Local circulation dominated in our research area, while heavy rain induced by convection in the afternoon and night might account for precipitation exceeding the norm. We numerically simulated meteorological conditions over the past decade to determine whether the annual precipitation observed since September 2007 indeed exceeded the norm. lntra-seasonal variations in precipitation, such as high rainfall in December during the 2007/2008 rainy season, a gradual increase in cumulative precipitation through 2008/2009, and high rainfall in February in the 2009/2010 rainy season were possibly controlled by El Niño - Southern Oscil lation. Our results suggest that annual variations in precipitation are common in this area and that the precipitation we observed did not necessarilyexceed the norm

Indigenous Climate Information and Modern Meteorological Records in Sinazongwe District, Southern Province, Zambia

In 2007, we conducted field research in Sinazongwe District in Southern Province, Zambia, focusing on collecting indigenous information concerning the local climate, which was often embodied in proverbs involving weather forecasts. The indigenous information was compared with recently collected meteorological records and a relationship between popular folk knowledge, local climate, and global climate factors such as ENSO (El Nino and the Southern Oscillation) was suggested. Proverbs related to agriculture and climate were categorized into four types of indicators used to forecast rain: the emergence of butterflies; tree characteristics (producing shoots, flowering, and dropping water); wind direction, wind speed, and temperature; and wind sound. The first two types are based on sea sonal changes in life forms, and the latter two use wind variations produced by synoptic pattern changes

Beam and SKS spectrometers at the K1.8 beam line

High-resolution spectrometers for both incident beams and scattered particles have been constructed at the K1.8 beam line of the Hadron Experimental Facility at J-PARC. A point-to-point optics is realized between the entrance and exit of QQDQQ magnets for the beam spectrometer. Fine-pitch wire chamber trackers and hodoscope counters are installed in the beam spectrometer to accept a high rate beam up to 107 Hz. The superconducting kaon spectrometer for scattered particles was transferred from KEK with modifications to the cryogenic system and detectors. A missing-mass resolution of 1.9 ± 0.1 MeV/c2 (FWHM) was achieved for the ∑ peaks of (π±, K+) reactions on a proton target in the first physics run of E19 in 2010

THE ROLE OF THE SWEET POTATO IN THE CROP DIVERSIFICATION OF SMALL-SCALE FARMERS IN SOUTHERN PROVINCE, ZAMBIA

Stable maize production and increased productivity are important for improved food security in Zambia. Because most farmers cultivate maize under rain-fed agriculture, a maize monoculture is vulnerable to drought or excessive rainfall. Therefore, increasing the diversification of crops and crop varieties is important to achieve food security in the face of a changing climate. The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) has great potential as a crop for consumption and as a source of income. The aim of this study was to determine farmers' familiarity with sweet potato varieties and their features, and to clarify production and consumption patterns in a rural area in Southern Province, Zambia. Field studies were conducted at three sites. Farmers in the study area planted sweet potatoes in both the rainy and dry seasons. As a group, farmers were able to identify a total of 22 sweet potato varieties, but all varieties that were identified were not actually cultivated. Sweet potato production was much greater at one site. Further study of some households at this site indicated that sweet potato tubers were consumed about twice per week. Consumption was highest during and immediately after the harvest, and then decreased gradually. Annual sweet potato sales per person generated sufficient income