A Numerical Study About the Flow Around Motorbike with Different Types of Fairing When Travel Through Crosswind

Riding a motorbike possess to a dangerous situation because of its stability and balance.  Crosswind has a significant impact on riding since, with a strong gust, it can easily drive the motorbike off the road or into another lane or traffic. A numerical study has been conducted to investigate the aerodynamic loads of the drag, side, and lift coefficient and to analyze the flow pattern occurs of the motorbike with different types of fairing when travel under various angle of crosswind that was set ranging 0◦, 15◦, 30◦, 60◦ to 90◦. Two models of  Yamaha YZF M1 with different types of fairing were designed using SolidWorks 2020 and then simulated using Ansys CFX with 25m/s as the velocity for main and crosswind inlet. The aerodynamic loads coefficient was calculated for each model and the streamlines flow were analyzed. The aerodynamic loads coefficient was found increases as the yaw angle increases. Half fairing model was found to have higher aerodynamic coefficient compared to fully fairing model since half fairing model was not aerodynamic shape

Discussion of the technology and research in fuel injectors common rail system

Common rail is one of the most important components in a diesel and gasoline direct injection system. It features a high-pressure (100 bar) fuel rail feeding solenoid valves, as opposed to a low-pressure fuel pump feeding unit injectors. Third-generation common rail diesels now feature piezoelectric injectors for increased precision, with fuel pressures up to 2,500 bar. The purpose of this review paper is to investigate the technology and research in fuel injectors common rail system. This review paper focuses on component of common rail injection system, pioneer of common rail injection, characteristics of common rail injection system, method to reduce smoke and NOx emission simultaneously and impact of common rail injection system. Based on our research, it can be concluded that common rail injection gives many benefit such as good for the engine performance, safe to use, and for to reduce the emission of the vehicle. Fuel injection common rail system is the modern technology that must be developed. Nowadays, our earth is polluting by vehicle output such as smoke. If the common rail system is developed, it can reduce the pollution and keep our atmosphere clean and safe

Extrapancreatic actions of incretin-based therapies on bone in diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is correlated with modifications in bone microarchitectural and mechanical strength, leading to increased bone fragility. The incretin hormones, with a classical effect to increase insulin secretion following food ingestion, are now postulated to have important direct effects on bone. As such, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has dual actions on bone cells; enhancing bone�forming activity of osteoblasts and suppressing bone resorption by osteoclasts. The sister incretin of GIP, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), is also suspected to directly influence bone health in a beneficial manner, although mechanism are less clear at present. The physiological actions of incretins are attenuated by dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP-4) activity and it is speculated that introduction of DPP-4 inhibitor may also positively affect quality of the skeleton. As such, this thesis evaluates the potential beneficial effects of a DPP-4 resistant GIP analogue, namely [D-Ala2 ]GIP, on osteoblastic-derived, SaOS-2 cells, and also preliminary in vivo studies on the impact of genetic deficiencies of GIPRs and GLP-1Rs on bone mineral density and content. Further studies characterised the beneficial effects of incretin-based therapies on metabolic control, bone microstructure and bone mechanical integrity in animal models of pharmacologically-, genetically- and environmentally-induced diabetes. GIP and related stable analogue increased bone-forming biomarkers in SaOS-2 cells and importantly, [D-Ala2 ]GIP was shown to be more potent than native GIP. Knockout mouse studies revealed that both GIPR and GLP-1R signaling are important for optimum bone mass. All diabetic mouse models displayed reduced bone mass, altered bone micromorphology and impairment of bone mechanical strength, similar to the human situation, confirming their appropriateness. The incretin-based therapeutics, [D-Ala2 ]GIP and Liraglutide, in streptozotocin-diabetic significantly increased bone matrix properties, indicating recovery of bone strength at the tissue level. The beneficial effects of administration of [D-Ala2 ]GIP�oxyntomodulin on bone health in db/db mice were more prominent as the Oxm analogue did not only improve bone strength at tissue level, but also at whole-bone level. These modifications were independent of metabolic status. Twice-daily Exendin-4 therapy improved glycaemic control and increased work required to resist bone fracture in high-fat fed mice. It was also established that Sitagliptin had neutral effects on bone microstructure and mechanical strength in high-fat mice. In summary, these data demonstrate the negative impact of diabetes mellitus on normal skeleton development and bone quality. Moreover, this thesis highlights the growing potential of incretin-based therapies for ameliorating bone defects and improving the increased fragility fracture risk associated with diabete

CFD Analysis on the Effect of Vortex Generator on Sedan Car using ANSYS Software

Nowadays, the demand for a high-speed car increases in which vehicle stability and fuel economy are the primary concern. The vehicle's aerodynamics plays a crucial role as it influences the overall performance of the vehicles. In the exploration of car aerodynamics, it involves studying various forces that act on a car while moving on the road, i.e., drag force, lift force. The leading causes of aerodynamic drag for automotive vehicles are the flow separation at the vehicles' rear end. By reducing the drag force, it is possible to increase the fuel economy. The research is focused on the effect of a vortex generator (VG) on a sedan car aerodynamics. The objective is to simulate fluid flow analysis for a sedan car that uses VG and without VG, to assess the effect of a different configuration of VG and the impact of a varying number of VG mounted on a sedan car in terms of flow pattern development and coefficient of drag (Cd). This study is conducted using two identical sedan car models, i.e., with VG and without VG. The flow around the vehicle has been considered incompressible. It is obtained by solving the incompressible form of the Reynolds Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations combined with the k-ε turbulence model. The simulation is run for different configuration of VG that acquire different radius of fillet, i.e., VG-1 (5 mm), VG-2 (30 mm) and VG-3 (50 mm) and for different number of VG that is mounted on a sedan car, i.e., 0 VG, 1 VG, 3 VG, 5 VG, 7 VG, and 9 VG. The data and results taken from this simulation show that the smallest fillet radius of VG, i.e., VG-1 (5 mm), is the best VG to be used on a sedan car. The results also show that, as the number of VG's increases, the drag coefficient is decreased. Hence, the best number of VG's to be used on a sedan car are nine VG's

Effect of seeding time on the formation of gold nanoplates

Metallic nanostructures, such as gold, is very sensitive to the dielectric environment of the materials due to strong dependency of plasmon on shapes and sizes. Thus, its unique properties are very good and can be used as sensing material in plasmonic sensor. This paper reports a study on the surface density on the formation of gold nanoplates with variation of seeding time. The gold nanoplates have been grown on a quartz substrate using seed mediated growth method. In this study, the seeding time was varied from one to three hours and labelled as MP1, MP2 and MP3. The XRD analysis shows two peaks of the diffraction angle occurs at the plane (111) in position ~ 38.2º and plane (200) at ~ 44.20º. Through variation of the seeding time, the optimum surface density is 61.8 % with a total of 43.7 % of the nanoplates shape from sample MP2. The optical absorption spectrum of the sample shows two resonance peaks, ~ 550 nm and 660 nm, which are corresponding to the transverse surface plasmon resonance (t-SPR) and the longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (l-SPR) respectively. Thus, in this study, it is found that the seeding time affected the growth of the gold nanostructures with optimum seeding time of two hours. Longer seeding time caused the growth of stacking nanogold and it is not suitable to be used in sensing application because of its broad and wider optical spectrum

CFD analysis on the effect of vortex generator on sedan car using ANSYS software

Nowadays, the demand for a high-speed car increases in which vehicle stability and fuel economy are the primary concern. The vehicle's aerodynamics plays a crucial role as it influences the overall performance of the vehicles. In the exploration of car aerodynamics, it involves studying various forces that act on a car while moving on the road, i.e., drag force, lift force. The leading causes of aerodynamic drag for automotive vehicles are the flow separation at the vehicles' rear end. By reducing the drag force, it is possible to increase the fuel economy. The research is focused on the effect of a vortex generator (VG) on a sedan car aerodynamics. The objective is to simulate fluid flow analysis for a sedan car that uses VG and without VG, to assess the effect of a different configuration of VG and the impact of a varying number of VG mounted on a sedan car in terms of flow pattern development and coefficient of drag (Cd). This study is conducted using two identical sedan car models, i.e., with VG and without VG. The flow around the vehicle has been considered incompressible. It is obtained by solving the incompressible form of the Reynolds Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations combined with the k-ε turbulence model. The simulation is run for different configuration of VG that acquire different radius of fillet, i.e., VG-1 (5 mm), VG-2 (30 mm) and VG-3 (50 mm) and for different number of VG that is mounted on a sedan car, i.e., 0 VG, 1 VG, 3 VG, 5 VG, 7 VG, and 9 VG. The data and results taken from this simulation show that the smallest fillet radius of VG, i.e., VG-1 (5 mm), is the best VG to be used on a sedan car. The results also show that, as the number of VGs increases, the drag coefficient is decreased. Hence, the best number of VGs to be used on a sedan car are nine VGs

Aerodynamic Analysis on the Effects of Frontal Deflector on a Truck by using Ansys Software

Since the early years of the 20th century, when commercial vehicle mass production began, it has been found that air resistance plays a major factor related to vehicle motion. The main causes of aerodynamic drag for automotive vehicles are the flow separation at the rear end of the vehicles. By reducing the drag force, it is possible to increase the fuel economy. Aerodynamic component i.e. Frontal Deflectors (FD) commonly used on trucks to prevent flow separation. Frontal Deflectors themselves do create the drag, but they also reduce drags by preventing flow separation at downstream. The main aim of this paper is to quantify the effect of frontal deflectors on improving trucks aerodynamics. In this study, the simulation ran for 6 different shapes of FD which acquires different height and different placement of FD that is mounted on the truck from the frontal roof by using ANSYS Fluent software. The design of the truck has been done in SOLIDWORK 2018 and the same design is used for analysis in ANSYS (Fluent). The two-equation models used in this study are 𑘠− 𜀠with applying the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations for the behaviour of fluid flow around the truck. The Reynolds number used is ð‘…ð‘’ = 1.1 × 106.  Based on the result, all the FD’s resulted in a reduction of coefficient of drag. The drag coefficient of all models differs. The velocity streamline acquired is different between the Frontal Deflector models mounted on the truck and the flow structure and vortex formation differs in various pattern formation. FD 4 produces the least value of drag. Hence, the efficiency of the truck improves. Therefore, FD 4 is the best model as the acquired coefficient of drag is 0.508 with the height (15 mm) and placement of (230 mm) is the best FD to be used on a truck. Consequently, the drag reduction percentage of FD 4 compared to the truck without a FD is 32.2%.&nbsp

Aerodynamic Analysis on the Effects of Frontal Deflector on a Truck by using Ansys Software

Since the early years of the 20th century, when commercial vehicle mass production began, it has been found that air resistance plays a major factor related to vehicle motion. The main causes of aerodynamic drag for automotive vehicles are the flow separation at the rear end of the vehicles. By reducing the drag force, it is possible to increase the fuel economy. Aerodynamic component i.e. Frontal Deflectors (FD) commonly used on trucks to prevent flow separation. Frontal Deflectors themselves do create the drag, but they also reduce drags by preventing flow separation at downstream. The main aim of this paper is to quantify the effect of frontal deflectors on improving trucks aerodynamics. In this study, the simulation ran for 6 different shapes of FD which acquires different height and different placement of FD that is mounted on the truck from the frontal roof by using ANSYS Fluent software. The design of the truck has been done in SOLIDWORK 2018 and the same design is used for analysis in ANSYS (Fluent). The two-equation models used in this study are 𑘠− 𜀠with applying the Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations for the behaviour of fluid flow around the truck. The Reynolds number used is ð‘…ð‘’ = 1.1 × 106.  Based on the result, all the FD’s resulted in a reduction of coefficient of drag. The drag coefficient of all models differs. The velocity streamline acquired is different between the Frontal Deflector models mounted on the truck and the flow structure and vortex formation differs in various pattern formation. FD 4 produces the least value of drag. Hence, the efficiency of the truck improves. Therefore, FD 4 is the best model as the acquired coefficient of drag is 0.508 with the height (15 mm) and placement of (230 mm) is the best FD to be used on a truck. Consequently, the drag reduction percentage of FD 4 compared to the truck without a FD is 32.2%.&nbsp

CFD Simulation of Air-Piloted Downdraft Gasification Process: A Comparative Study Between Coal and Palm Kernel Shell as Feedstock

A fixed bed downdraft gasifier model based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD) framework was developed to investigate the influence of feedstock (palm kernel shell [PKS] and coal) on the quality of syngas produced via the gasification process. Euler–Euler approach was utilized in this study to describe the gas and solid phases. Realizable k-ε turbulence model was used to evaluate the constitutive properties of the dispersed phase and the gas phase behavior. This simulation model was validated by comparing the syngas composition of gasification simulation of coal with previous research, which yielded the overall accuracy result of 83.2%. This study also highlighted that PKS gasification produced 53.74% and 90.51% higher composition of H2 and CO respectively as compared to coal gasification. Whereas coal gasification produced 81.35%, 71.31% and 52.29% higher composition of CH4, H2O and CO2 respectively as compared to PKS gasification. Hence, PKS produced 66.2% higher combustible gas of H2 and CO than coal. PKS is thus considered as a potential renewable feedstock for gasification process as an alternative to the non-renewable coal. In addition, PKS gasification produced 52.29% lesser composition of CO2 as compared to coal gasification

Analysis of Air Flow, Air and Fuel Induction for Internal Combustion Engine

In an internal combustion engine, performance, efficiency and emission formation depends on the formation of air-fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder. The fluid flow dynamics plays an important role for air-fuel mixture preparation to obtain the better engine combustion, performance and efficiency. This review article discuss the rotating flow (swirl and tumble) in premixed spark-ignition engine and its effect on turbulence generation and flame propagation. Rotating flow can substantially increase turbulence intensity for the duration of the combustion period. This review paper discusses the in-cylinder swirl and tumble flow that affects air induction during the combustion process in internal combustion engine. Alternatively, this study using computer simulation (Computational Fluid Dynamic, CFD) which offer the opportunity to carry out repetitive parameter studies. An integration-type flowmeter (IFM) also has been used which consists of ultrasonic flowmeter, that integrates the flowrate during the intake process, gives accurate measurements regardless of sampling time and frequency. Research parameter in this study was swirl and tumble that represents the fluid flow behavior occurred inside combustion chamber. Fuel injection and air mass also were the important parameters that have been discussed about in air induction process.  The results obtain from the numerical analysis can be employed to examine the homogeneity of air-fuel mixture structure for better combustion process and engine performance