Ensamhet och exekutiva funktioner hos äldre.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka om det finns något samband mellan upplevd ensamhet och exekutiva funktioner hos äldre. Urvalet bestod av 98 ålderspensionärer mellan 65 och 75 år. Upplevd ensamhet mättes med Three-Item Loneliness Scale (TILS). Exekutiva funktioner mättes med nio olika test som avsåg mäta de tre processerna inhibering, shifting och uppdatering. Inhibering mättes med testerna Flanker, Simon och Stroop. Shifting mättes med Local Global, Color Shape och Number Letter. Uppdatering mättes med Letter Memory, Matrix Monitoring och Numerical 2-back. Andel korrekta svar samt responstid användes som utfallsvariabler. Data analyserades med hjälp av korrelationsanalyser där signifikanta samband analyserades vidare i hierarkiska regressionsanalyser. Resultatet visade på ett signifikant samband mellan upplevd ensamhet och responstid för Number Letter, där högre skattad ensamhet var associerad med längre responstid. Ensamhet förklarade 4% av variansen i responstid. Denna uppsats ger därmed stöd åt att det verkar finnas ett samband mellan upplevd ensamhet och nedsatt prestation bland vissa exekutiva funktioner, i detta fall shifting mätt genom responstid för Number Letter. Framtida studier bör undersöka detta vidare. Detta blir särskilt relevant med tanke på att världens befolkning blir allt äldre, tillsammans med det faktum att många äldre upplever ensamhet. Om upplevd ensamhet är associerad med försämrade exekutiva funktioner kan interventioner som syftar till att minska ensamheten vara till stor nytta både för den enskilda individen och samhället i stort.The aim of this paper was to investigate whether there are any associations between perceived loneliness and executive functions in older people. Participants consisted of 98 senior citizens between the ages of 65 and 75. Perceived loneliness was measured with the Three-Item Loneliness Scale (TILS). Executive functions were measured with nine different tests aimed at measuring the three processes of inhibition, shifting and updating. Inhibition was measured with Flanker, Simon and Stroop task. Shifting was measured with Local Global, Color Shape and Number Letter task. Updating was measured with Letter Memory, Matrix Monitoring and Numerical 2-back task. Proportion of correct answers as well as response time were used as dependent variables. Data was analysed by correlation analyses where significant correlations were further analysed in hierarchical regressions. Results showed a significant association between perceived loneliness and response time in the Number Letter task; higher reported loneliness was associated with longer response time. Loneliness explained 4% of the variance in response time. This paper thus supports that there appears to be an association between perceived loneliness and reduced performance in certain executive functions, in this case shifting as measured through response time in the Number Letter task. Future studies should investigate this further. This becomes particularly relevant considering that the world's population is getting older, along with the fact that many elderly experience loneliness. If perceived loneliness is associated with deteriorating executive functions, interventions aimed at reducing loneliness may be of great benefit both to individuals and society as a whole