Clinical features of ALS patients.

<p>ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. >UMN, higher upper motor neuron burden. </p

Vertex-wise analysis of CTh in ALS patients related to HC.

<p>ALS patients revealed cortical thinning in bilateral precentral cortex, bilateral middle frontal gyrus, right superior temporal gyrus and right occipital cortex. The colour bar scale represents t values.</p

Example of the CTh boundaries of an ALS patients.

<p>Axial and coronal T1-weighted images of an ALS patient. White matter surface (yellow line) and pial surface (red line), which are the boundaries of cerebral cortex, have been automatically obtained by Freesurfer. The primary motor area (blu) has been automatically labeled according to the Desikan/Killiany Atlas.</p

Mean whole brain and primary motor areas cortical thickness in ALS subgroups.

*<p>p<0.05 vs HC, § p≤0.01 vs HC, Ω p<0.005 vs HC.</p><p>CTh, cortical thickness, expressed in millimeters (mean ± SD); ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; HC, Healthy Controls; >UMN-ALS, higher upper motor neuron burden; </p

Mean whole brain and primary motor areas cortical thickness in ALS and HC.

<p>CTh, cortical thickness, expressed in millimeters (mean ± SD); ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; HC, healthy controls; n s, not significant.</p

Vertex-wise analysis of CTh in ALS patients with higher UMN burden compared to HC.

<p>ALS patients with higher UMN burden showed cortical thinning in the right precentral gyrus, in bilateral superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri, in the right inferior temporal gyrus and in left lateral occipital cortex. The colour bar scale represents t values.</p

Vertex-wise analysis of CTh in ALS patients with faster progression compared to HC.

<p>Faster progressing ALS patients showed relevant thinning in widespread bilateral frontal and temporal areas, including the bilateral precentral gyrus. The colour bar scale represents t values.</p

Vertex-wise analysis of CTh in ALS patients with spinal onset related to HC.

<p>Spinal onset ALS patients showed a significant thinning in right precentral and paracentral gyri; no differences were revealed in the left hemisphere. The colour bar scale represents t values.</p

Scale for clinical evaluation of upper motor neuron burden.

<p>UL, Upper Limb; LL, lower limb.</p

Clinical findings according ALS clinical traits.

<p>ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; >UMN-ALS, higher upper motor neuron burden; </p