Intercalibration Results. Hero: Heat Transfer and Erosion Analysis Program

Hero (Heat Transfer and Erosion Analysis Program) is a multi-dimensional thermal ablation code developed by ATK. The program is based on a hierarchic finite-element numerical scheme with a variable grid. Calculations for heat transfer, material pyrolysis, internal pore pressure and thermochemical surface ablation are provided. The program is well-suited for modeling of complex geometries and anisotropic materials. The program also includes capabilities for surface-to-surface radiation exchange as well as structural modeling using the same grid used for thermal solutions. The structural capabilities enhance modeling of thermal-structural interactions and facilitate research related to the thermal-structural response of ablative insulators. The program has been extensively verified for numerical accuracy. Recent enhancements to the program have included error estimation, adaptive discretization and element enrichment, and parallel processing capabilities

Government failure: Four types

Economists tend to see the market as a default option for social order and a role for government only when markets fail. Developing a convincing analysis of the role of government in economic processes, however, needs to start by considering government failure in its own terms. Drawing on insights from institutional economics, law and economics and the philosophy of law, emphasizing the necessity of rules for the economy, this paper develops the concept of government failure. The paper identifies and develops four different types of government failure. Government can set rules for economic processes and actors that are (1) too specific, (2) too broad, (3) that are arbitrary, or (4) that conflict with other rules it has set out to address other, related issues (possibly primarily noneconomic). Government failure is illustrated in the context of Intellectual Property Right (IPR) law as it relates to Anti-Trust law