Associations between <i>CCL5</i> haplotype D and <i>CCR5</i> HHG*1 on HCV serostatus in people who inject drugs by step-wise logistic regression analysis with backward elimination.

<p>Associations between <i>CCL5</i> haplotype D and <i>CCR5</i> HHG*1 on HCV serostatus in people who inject drugs by step-wise logistic regression analysis with backward elimination.</p

The distribution of <i>CCL5</i> SNPs rs2107538, rs2280788, rs2280789 genotypes in people who inject drugs (PWIDs).

<p>The distribution of <i>CCL5</i> SNPs rs2107538, rs2280788, rs2280789 genotypes in people who inject drugs (PWIDs).</p

Associations between <i>CCL5</i> haplotype C and D and HCV serostatus among people who inject drugs by univariate and multivariate models.

<p>Associations between <i>CCL5</i> haplotype C and D and HCV serostatus among people who inject drugs by univariate and multivariate models.</p

Schematic figure of <i>CCL5</i> SNPs and <i>CCL5</i> haplotypes.

<p>On the upper panel schematic figure of CCL5 gene with chromosomal location and positions of SNPs (previous codes on the top and corresponding rs-codes in the bottom) are shown. In the table letters in three right side columns indicate nucleotides at corresponding positions. Ex, exon; In, intron.</p

<i>CCR5</i> polymorphisms and haplotypes.

<p>On the basis of the linkage disequilibrium patterns between the polymorphisms in the coding (Δ32) and noncoding (promoter) region of <i>CCR5</i> and the coding polymorphism (V64I) in <i>CCR2</i>, we previously used an evolutionary-based strategy to generate the <i>CCR5</i> human haplogroups (HH) shown below the CCR5 gene structure. These <i>CCR5</i> HH are designated as HHA to HHG*2, with HHF*2 and HHG*2 denoting the haplotypes that bear the CCR2–64I and CCR5-Δ32 polymorphisms, respectively. Because of its similarity to the chimpanzee <i>CCR5</i> sequence, the human <i>CCR5</i> HHA haplotype is classified as the ancestral CCR5 haplotype <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0070561#pone.0070561-Mummidi1" target="_blank">[28]</a>. Nucleotide variations relative to the ancestral sequence are shown. The <i>CCR5</i> numbering systems used in the literature are shown. Top numbering is based on GenBank accession numbers AF031236 and AF031237; middle numbering is based on GenBank accession number U95626; bottom numbering is the numbering system in which the first nucleotide of the <i>CCR5</i> translational start site is designated as+1 and the nucleotide immediately upstream as -1 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0070561#pone.0070561-Mummidi1" target="_blank">[28]</a>. ORF, open-reading frame; Wt, wild-type; Δ32, 32-basepair deletion.</p

Association of <i>CCR5</i> HHG*1 with HCV or HIV serostatus.

#<p>Co-variates: HBV serostatus, <i>CCL3L1</i> copy number, IVDU duration and HBV serostatus.</p

The distribution of <i>CCR5</i> haplotypes among IDUs and blood donors.

<p><i>CCR5</i> haplotype frequency among (<b>A</b>) IDUs vs. blood donors, (<b>B</b>) HCV+vs. HCV- IDUs, and (<b>C</b>) HIV- vs. HIV+IDUs. HHB and HHD are absent in the study populations. Frequency of (<b>D</b>) <i>CCR5</i> HHG*1 haplotype and (<b>E</b>) <i>CCR5</i> HHG*1-containing genotypes in IDUs by HCV and HIV serostatus.</p

Association of <i>CCR5</i> HHG^*1 with HCV serostatus in univariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression model.

*<p>Dichotomized by the median of 2 <i>CCL3L1</i> copies;</p>#<p>Syringe exchange program or Prisoners;</p>&<p>Each additional year of IVDU use.</p

Factors influencing HCV and HIV serostatus by univariate analyses.

#<p>The OR was estimated by every increased year of age;</p>*<p>The OR was estimated by every increased year of IVDU use;</p>&<p>The median of <i>CCL3L1</i> copy number is 2 copies in our studied IDUs.</p

Prevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV infection in Estonia.

<p>Incidence per 100,000 population of HIV (dashed line), HBV (dotted line) and HCV (solid line) infection in Estonia between 1985–2010, as reported by the Estonian Health Board.</p