Decrease of vanillin sucrose intake by victorious and defeated mice: development of anhedonia?

Hedonic reactions to various rewards play a key role in various forms of motivated behavior. The influence of repeated experience of social victories or defeats in daily agonistic interactions between male mice on voluntary consumption of vanillin sucrose solution used as hedonic reinforcer was studied. Intake of vanillin sucrose solution was shown to decrease in the winners and losers exposed to social confrontations as compared with the controls. Three days of deprivation failed to restore the intake of vanillin sucrose solution to the control level in the losers and did so in the winners. The results obtained imply that similar reaction of animals to a hedonic non-drug reinforcer may have different motivational origin depending on positive or negative social experience

MULTIMEDIA DIDACTIC COMPLEX FOR TEACHING PUPILS WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT INFORMATICS

The problem of the multimedia didactic complex creation on the subject of «Informatics» for teaching pupils with hearing impairment is analyzed in the article. The structure of the complex is offered, questions of development of the pedagogical interface design are mentioned, content and means of instrumental implementation of the complex are presented

Molecular implications of prolonged aggression experience: Th, Dat1, Snca and Bdnf gene expression in the ventral tegmental area of the victorious male mice

Th, Dat1, Snca and Bdnf were the genes whose mRNA levels in the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain were measured in male mice that were victorious in 20 daily agonistic interactions and in a group of such victorious mice that had later not been allowed to fight for 14 days. This experiment demonstrated increased Th, Dat1 and Snca but not Bdnf mRNA levels in the former group as compared to the controls. In the latter group, the expression of the Th and Dat1 genes was still enhanced, while the level of Snca mRNA did not differ from that in the controls. These findings suggest that positive fighting experience enhances the expression of the genes concerned with dopaminergic systems and this enhanced expression is preserved for a long time afterwards. Significant positive correlations were found between the level of aggression and Th and Snca mRNA levels in the winners

Anhedonia in the shadow of chronic social defeat stress, or When the experimental context matters

One of the core symptoms of major depression in human is anhedonia. For that reason, one of the main requirements towards experimental depression models is that they be able to demonstrate anhedonia in animals, that have been exposed to stressful events, and other behavioral changes attributable to a depression-like state. However, the results presented in the literature are contradictory: sweet solution intake, which is considered as a parameter of hedonic/anhedonic behavior in animals, responds quite differently to stressful situations in that it is either unaffected or increased or decreased. Different experimental designs used for the study of anhedonia in male mice exposed to chronic social defeat stress were tried to understand the reasons for so contradictory responses. Anhedonia appears as an abrupt reduction in sweet solution consumption in stressed animals and by failure to attain recovery after deprivation. However, it was also demonstrated that sucrose solution intake and preference strongly depend on the experimental context; that the possible critical factor may be prior acquaintance with the hedonic stimulus – or the lack whereof. Analysis of literature data and ours allowed us to conclude that the lack of a significant decrease in sweet solution intake in stressed animals is no evidence of lack of depression. This decrease is evidence of anhedonia only provided other symptoms of depression are present. Hedonic consumable intake can be decreased over various motivations, conditions or diseases, in particular, a high level of anxiety or pathological aggression

Application of the Sensory Contact Model for Pharmacological Studies under Simulated Clinical Conditions

The sensory contact model allows forming different psycho-pathological states (anxious depression, catalepsy, social withdrawal, pathological aggression, cognition disturbances, anhedonia, addictive states etc.) produced by repeated agonistic interactions in male mice and investigating the therapeutic and preventive properties of any drug as well as its efficiency under simulated clinical conditions. This approach can be useful for a better understanding of the drugs’ action in different stages of disease development in individuals. It is suggested that this behavioral approach and pharmacological designs may be applied for the screening of novel psychotropic drugs. 
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СВІТОГЛЯДНА СУТНІСТЬ ФЕНОМЕНУ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ В КОНТЕКСТІ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ВИКЛИКІВ СУЧАСНОСТІ

The purpose of the article is to analyze the world outlook of the phenomenon of information culture as the determining factor of the functioning of complex information systems in the modern globalization era. The methodology of the research is based on the dialectical interrelation of the following methods: comparative-historical - in determining the genesis of the information culture; system-structural approach - to comprehend the information culture as the determining factor of the functioning of a complex information system in its structural interrelationships; synergetic approach - in the process of analyzing the socio-cultural conditionality of the functioning of complex information systems. Scientific novelty consists in analyzing the phenomenon of information culture through the prism of the functioning of various types of complex information systems. Conclusions. The article proves the necessity of comprehension of information culture as the determining factor of the functioning of complex information systems. Information culture determines the degree of society's excellence in its ability to effectively use information resources and information communication tools, as well as overcome information threats.Целью исследования является анализ мировоззренческих основ феномена информационной культуры как определяющего фактора функционирования сложных информационных систем в современную глобализационную эпоху. Методология исследования основывается на диалектической взаимосвязи следующих методов: сравнительно-исторического - в определении генезиса информационной культуры; системно-структурного подхода - для осмысления информационной культуры как определяющего фактора функционирования сложной информационной системы в ее структурных взаимосвязях; синергетического подхода - в процессе анализа социально-культурной обусловленности функционирования сложных информационных систем. Научная новизна заключается в анализе феномена информационной культуры сквозь призму функционирования различных видов сложных информационных систем. Выводы. В статье доказана необходимость осознания информационной культуры как определяющего фактора функционирования сложных информационных систем. Информационная культура определяет степень совершенства общества в его способности эффективно использовать информационные ресурсы и средства информационных коммуникаций, а также преодолевать информационные угрозы.Метою дослідження є  аналіз світоглядних засад феномену інформаційної культури як визначального чинника функціонування складних інформаційних систем у сучасну глобалізаційну епоху. Методологія дослідження ґрунтується на діалектичному взаємозв’язку таких методів:  порівняльно-історичного – у визначенні генези інформаційної культури; системно-структурного підходу – задля осмислення інформаційної культури як визначального чинника функціонування складної інформаційної системи у її структурних взаємозв’язках; синергетичного підходу – у процесі аналізу соціально-культурної зумовленості функціонування складних інформаційних систем. Наукова новизна полягає в аналізі феномену інформаційної культури крізь призму функціонування різних видів складних інформаційних систем. Висновки. У статті доведено необхідність усвідомлення інформаційної культури як визначального чинника функціонування складних інформаційних систем. Інформаційна культура визначає міру досконалості суспільства в його здатності ефективно використовувати інформаційні ресурси та засоби інформаційних комунікацій і долати інформаційні загрози

Genetic variability and population structure of endangered Panax ginseng in the Russian Primorye

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The natural habitat of wild <it>P. ginseng </it>is currently found only in the Russian Primorye and the populations are extremely exhausted and require restoration. Analysis of the genetic diversity and population structure of an endangered species is a prerequisite for conservation. The present study aims to investigate the patterns and levels of genetic polymorphism and population structures of wild <it>P. ginseng </it>with the AFLP method to (1) estimate the level of genetic diversity in the <it>P. ginseng </it>populations in the Russian Primorsky Krai, (2) calculate the distribution of variability within a population and among populations and (3) examine the genetic relationship between the populations.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Genetic variability and population structure of ten <it>P. ginseng </it>populations were investigated with Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The genetic relationships among <it>P. ginseng </it>plants and populations were delineated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mean genetic variability within populations was high. The mean level of polymorphisms was 55.68% at the population level and 99.65% at the species level. The Shannon's index ranged between 0.1602 and 0.3222 with an average of 0.2626 at the population level and 0.3967 at the species level. The analysis of molecular variances (AMOVA) showed a significant population structure in <it>P. ginseng</it>. The partition of genetic diversity with AMOVA suggested that the majority of the genetic variation (64.5%) was within populations of <it>P. ginseng</it>. The inter-population variability was approximately 36% of the total variability. The genetic relationships among <it>P. ginseng </it>plants and populations were reconstructed by Minimum Spanning tree (MS-tree) on the basis of Euclidean distances with ARLEQUIN and NTSYS, respectively. The MS-trees suggest that the southern <it>Uss</it>, <it>Part </it>and <it>Nad </it>populations may have promoted <it>P. ginseng </it>distribution throughout the Russian Primorye.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The <it>P. ginseng </it>populations in the Russian Primorye are significant in genetic diversity. The high variability demonstrates that the current genetic resources of <it>P. ginseng </it>populations have not been exposed to depletion.</p

Diabetes mellitus type 2 in adults

Public organization &ldquo;Russian Association of Endocrinologists&rdquo;. Clinical guidelines.&nbsp