The role of tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer

Interaction of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) with tumor cells gives insights into tumor progression andinto a novel therapeutic strategy. In papillary thyroid cancer, patients with tumors containing TAMs had a betterprognosis than patients without TAMs . In prostatic cancer, the reduced of total TAMs can be used as a novelprognostic marker. In melanoma maligna, high number of TAMs was statistically significant associated with poorresponse to treatment . In breast cancer progression, the role of TAMs is still unclear.Key words: tumor-associated macrophages - breast cancer – angiogenesis - tumor progression - prognosi

The role of tumor-associated macro phages in breast cancer

Interaction of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) with tumor cells gives insights into tumor progression and into a novel therapeutic strategy. In papillary thyroid cancer, patients with tumors containing TAMs had a better prognosis than patients without TAMs. In prostatic cancer, the reduced of total TAMs can be used as a novel prognostic marker. In melanoma maligna, high number of TAMs was statistically significant associated with poor response to treatment. In breast cancer progression, the role of TAMs is still unclear

Molecular subtypes and clinicopathological features of breastcancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with regard to morphological spectrum, clinical presentation and response to therapy. Based on immunohistochemistry detection of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, Her-2 status, proliferation rate and clusters of basal gene expression, breast cancers can be classified into luminal A, luminal B, basal-like/triple negative, and Her-2 positive. It was suggested that there was a close relationship between molecular subtypes and clinicopathological features of breast cancer, as they are very important to predict prognosis and therapeutic implications. 

HUBUNGAN ANTARA DERAJAT KEGANASAN HISTOLOGIS DENGAN DERAJAT INFILTRAT SEL T SITOTOKSIK PADA ADENOKARSINOMA PROSTAT = THE CORRELATION BETWEEN HISTOLOGIC GRADING AND DEGREE OF T CELL CYTOTOXIC INFILTRATION AMONG PROSTATI

The correlation between cytotoxic T cells infiltrate and grade of malignancy is still controver¬sial. Some tumors like: medullary breast cancer and pancreatic cancer, indicates a negative correlation between cytotoxic T cells infiltration and tumor pregression, but the presence of cytotoxic T cells in anaplastic large cell lymphoma is not related to clinical out come of the disease. The role of cytotoxic T cell infiltrates in prostatic adenocarcinomas is still unclear till now. The aim of this study was to find out the correlation between the amount of cytotoxic T cell infiltrates and histological grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Thirty paraffin block of prostatic adenocarcinomas were selected randomly and stained immunohistochemically with anti CD 8 and anti CD3 MoAB, counterstained with Harris Hematoxylene. The positive CD8 and CD3 of infiltrates intratumor and peritumor was counted and analyzed with one way Anova statistically. The result showed that there was a significant difference statisti¬cally (P 0,05) of these variables. As a conclusion, the poorest histolo¬gical grading of prostatic adenocarcinoma has the most intratumor cytotoxic T cell infiltration. Key words: cytotoxic T cellsCD8-CD3histologic gradingprostatic adenocarcinom

Ekspresi EBNA-1 pada diffuse large B cell lymphoma serta Small lymphocytic lymphoma tipe nodal dan ekstranodal

ABSTRAK EBNA-1 expression in nodal and extranodal type of diffuse large B cell lymphoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma Background : Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Epstein-Barr Virus infection has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Objective : To know the expression of EBNA-1 in diffuse large B cell lymphoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma and its association with nodal and extranodal location of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma Methods : Thirty five cases of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma from embedding parafin tissue were constituted the basis of the study. Immunohistochemical examination using CD20 and EBNA-1 monoclonal antibody was done. The difference of EBNA-1 expression between diffuse large B cell lymphoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma and the difference of EBNA-1 expression between nodal and extranodal locations of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma were analized by chi square test Result and Conclusion : Sixteen cases of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma showed positivity of EBNA-1 expression. There was significant difference between the number of cases with positivity of EBNA-1 expression in nodal and extranodal location of B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. There was not significant difference between the number of cases with positivity of EBNA-1 expression in diffuse large B cell lymphoma and small lymphocytic lymphoma. The result supported that latency EBV related lymphoma frequently occurs in extranodal location Key words : EBNA-1, diffuse large B cell lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma, nodal, extranoda

Solitary dermal cylindroma: a rare case report

Dermal cylindromas are rare benign skin appendageal tumors that has two clinical presentation, solitary and multiple form. The diagnosis is unusual.However, it must be considered in clinical practice.A 51-year-old woman hadpainless nodule on right arm. Skin examinatipn revealedtwo fragmented nodules, 1x0.5x0.5cm, tan to white, and rubbery. Histopathological findings revealed a well demarcated and an unencapsulated epithelial dermal tumor, composed of numerous oval and polygonal nests molded into a "jig-saw" or "mosaic" appearance at low power. The nests of cells were composed of basaloid cells with scant cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei and paler cells at the center. Nests of epithelial cells were surrounded and penetrated by a thickened band of basement membrane material that was PAS-positive. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining with p63 showed positive staining on basaloid cells. Langerhans dendritic cells in the surrounding nests stained positive with CD1a. Solitary dermal cylindroma occurred sporadically in patients without family history of cutaneous cylindromas.Combination of morphologic, histochemystry and immunohistochemystry staining were needed for accurate diagnosis

Kerusakan membrana basalis pada hiperplasi prostat benigna, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia dan adenokarsinoma prostat: Kajian kontinuitas kolagen tipe IV membrana basalis.

Basal membrane (BM), a selective permeable membrane is mainly composed of type IV collagen. A tumor invasion, therefore, may only occur if this membrane is destroyed by an active process of tumor producing proteolytic enzymes. It has been found that prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) is a prostatic premalignant lesion. Although both benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic adenocarcinoma required an androgenic hormone for their growth, the correlation between the degree of destruction of basal membranes and BPH, PIN, and prostatic adenocarcinoma should be clarified. This can be studied by observing the continuity of periacinair BM. In order to understand the correlation among prostatic lesions, the BM continuity of 40 paraffin block specimens (15 BPH, 11 PIN, and 14 Prostatic adenocarcinomas) were studied. The BM of these specimens were stained immunohistochemically with MoAB anti human Type IV collagens. The periacinair BM continuity was scored 0-5. The Spearmans correlation test was used to analyze their possible relationship.The result shows that there is a significant correlation between the degree of destruction of basal membranes and BPH, PIN, and Prostatic adenocarcinomas (r = 0.898

The prognostic value of lymph nodes mRNA CXCL12 expression in the breast cancer

Prognosis of breast carcinoma is influenced by age, tumor size, histological grade and type, lymph node status, as well as metastasic status. Chemokine receptor CXCR-4 with its ligand, CXCL-12, may play an important role in metastasis of breast carcinoma. However, the role of CXCL-12 mRNA as a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target of human breast cancer remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the level of CXCL-12 mRNA expression in lymph nodes of patients with invasive ductal breast carcinoma and the difference within the prognostic factors. Axillary lymph nodes obtained from 50 cases of invasive ductal breast carcinoma, were divided into two groups, with and without lymph node metastasis. Each group consisted of 25 cases. Total RNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded. The CXCL-12 mRNA expression was examined using qRT-PCR method. The mean differences between the two groups were analyzed using Mann-Whitney test. The differences between CXCL-12 mRNA expression and each prognostic factor ware analyzed using Mann-Whitney comparison test. CXCL-12 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the lymph node of patients with metastasis of breast carcinoma compared to the non-metastasis cases (p<0.01). There were significant differences between CXCL-12 mRNA expression with poorly histological grade (p=0.003), bigger primary tumor size (p=0.005) and age of ≥45 y.o (p=0.012) in the metastatic group, but there were no significant differences between both age of <45 and ≥45 y.o.This study suggests that the higher CXCL-12 mRNA expression level are associated with bigger tumor size and poor differentiation in breast cancer patient with lymph nodes metastasis

The correlation between TAM,MVD, VEGF andMMP-9 expressions among various histological progression, histological grading and staging of breast cancer

Breast cancer may progress from an atypical lesion. Angiogenesis has an important role in thegrowth, invasion and metastasis of breast cancer, which can be reflected through the microvasculardensity (MVD). Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are stromal cells that can produce proangiogenicfactor such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and induce matrixmetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) for degrading extracellular matrix and basement membrane.Angiogenesis in breast cancer progression and its relationship with histological grading as wellas its staging need to be defined and thus, cancer therapy and prognosis can be determinedmore accurately. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between TAM, MVD,VEGF and MMP-9 expressions among fibrocystic lesion, atypical lesion and breast cancer, andits correlation with histological grading and staging of breast cancer. Using a cross-sectionalstudy, a total of 50 paraffin embedded tissues of fibrocystic lesion, atypical lesion and breastcancer were chosen in this study. Those specimens were stained immunohistochemically withmonoclonal antibody (MoAb) anti CD68, von Willebrand factor (vWF), VEGF and MMP-9. Theexpressions of VEGF and MMP-9 were counted from the mean numbers of positive tumor cells.TAMs were counted from numbers of macrophages which expressed CD-68. MVDs were countedfrom numbers of microvessels whose endothelial cells expressed vWF, using the AverageMicrovessels Count ( AMC) method. The correlation of both markers and different type of breastlesions were analyzed by using Pearson correlation. There were statistically significant correlationsbetween TAM (r=0.760; p=0.000), MVD (r=0.659; p=0.000), and MMP-9 (r=0.518; p=0.000),among several breast lesions and histological grade of breast cancer. The highest of theirexpressions was found in the poor grade of cancers. There were statistically significant correlationsbetween TAM (r=0.581; p=0.000), VEGF (r=0.443; p=0.001) and MVD (r=0.566; p=0.000)among fibrocystic, atypical lesion and stage II - III of breast cancer. VEGF expression was notsignificantly correlated with several histological grade of breast cancer and the highest of itsexpression was only found in atypical lesion. This study has suggested that TAM, MVD, VEGFand MMP-9 expressions might play an important role in the histological progression, histologicalgrading and staging of breast cancer. The highest expression of VEGF in atypical breast lesionsupported the fact that angiogenic switch already started in the early stage and grade of breastcancer