Frequency of GNMT polymorphisms and association with prostate cancer risk.

<p>aOR = age-adjusted OR.</p><p>*Minor allele frequency in controls = 0.456.</p><p>**not in HWE.</p

Analysis of polymorphisms according to prostate cancer aggressiveness and lethality.

<p>aOR = age-adjusted OR, number of controls = 656.</p><p>*MAF in controls = 0.46.</p><p>**not in HWE.</p><p>p-heterogeneity between aggressive and non-aggressive for rs10948059: CT vs CC = 0.06, TT vs CC = 0.09, per-allele = 0.09.</p

Characteristics of prostate cases (PCa) and controls.

<p>* 20 missing data on stage (3.0%).</p><p>** 31 missing data on Gleason score (4.7%).</p><p>*** 44 missing data on PSA at diagnosis (6.7%).</p

Frequency of the polymorphisms and association of the risk alleles with prostate cancer in Taiwanese prostate cancer study and HPFS controls.

<p>*Comparison of <i>GNMT</i> allelic and genotypic distributions between Taiwanese population and HPFS (chi-square test).</p

Haplotype frequencies and their association with prostate cancer risk (haplotype STRP1- rs10948059).

<p>*Only haplotypes with estimated frequencies >1% are listed.</p><p>**Estimated numbers of informative haplotypes: PCa cases = 1034, controls = 1003.</p

The role of TLR4 in innate immunity.

<p>TLR4 receptors are responsible for the recognition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) monomers and partially oxidized LDL (oLDL) on innate immune cells. LPS monomers and oLDL bind to sites on the protein, CD14. CD14 promotes the binding of these ligands to the TLR4-MD-2 complex, which signals the activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. NF-κB products enter the nucleus and result in transcription followed by the production of cytokines and the activation of multiple inflammatory pathways. This figure was adapted from DeFranco et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0110569#pone.0110569-DeFranco1" target="_blank">[48]</a>.</p

Characteristics of the study populations that evaluated the relationship between <i>TLR4</i> polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer.

<p>Abbreviations: PCa, prostate cancer; TNM, the tumor node metastases classification system; PSA, prostate specific antigen; GWAS, genome-wide association study; RLFP-PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction.</p><p>All studies met the following criteria and they were not listed in the table: (1) clear description of laboratory methods, (2) genotyping identical for cases and controls, (3) genotyping blinded to case control status, and (4) specimen came from peripheral blood sample.</p><p>Characteristics of the study populations that evaluated the relationship between <i>TLR4</i> polymorphisms and risk of prostate cancer.</p

Study selection flowchart.

<p>Forty studies were reviewed after literature search. Among them, 31 studies were excluded due to duplication, race other than whites, and insufficient data. A total of 9 studies were included for meta-analysis.</p