Characterizing Nanofibrillated Cellulose From Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch And Its Influence As Reinforcement Agent In Epoxy Based Nanobiocomposite

Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menentukan pengaruh hidrolisis asid sulfurik, penguraian mekanikal dan penghomogenan bertekanan tinggi sebagai proses kimia-mekanikal berkesan untuk pengasingan selulosa nanofibril (NFC) berkualiti daripada gentian tandan kosong buah kelapa sawit (OPEFB). Kumpulan berfungsi dan penghabluran gentian telah dijalankan oleh spektroskopi Fourier inframerah (FT-IR) dan pembelauan sinar-X (XRD). Morfologi dan kestabilan haba telah disiasat menggunakan mikroskop pengimbas elektron (SEM), mikroskop penghantaran elektron (TEM) dan analisis termogravimetri (TGA), kalorimetri pengimbasan berbeza (DSC). Keputusan FT-IR menunjukkan bahawa lignin dan hemiselulosa telah dikeluarkan secara berkesan daripada selulosa yang diekstrak dan nanofibril. Analisis XRD menunjukkan bahawa peratusan penghabluran telah meningkat daripada gentian mentah kepada selulosa mikrofibril (MFC), tetapi penurunan bagi NFC adalah disebabkan oleh penceraian ikatan hidrogen. Saiz diameter NFC yang diperolehi adalah dalam lingkungan 5 hingga 10 nm. Analisis TGA menunjukkan bahawa NFC mempunyai kestabilan haba yang tinggi. The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of sulfuric acid hydrolysis, mechanical disintegration and high pressure homogenization as an effective chemo-mechanical process for the isolation of quality nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibers. The functional groups and the crystallinity of all fibers were carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The morphology and thermal stability were investigated by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), respectively. The FTIR results showed that lignin and hemicellulose were removed effectively from the extracted cellulose and nanofibrils. XRD analysis revealed that the percentage of crystallinity was increased from raw to microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), but the decreased for NFC was due to a breakdown of the hydrogen bond. The diameter size of the NFC determined was within 5 to 10 nm. The TGA analysis showed that the isolated NFC had high thermal stability

Cell Wall Architecture, Properties And Characteristics Of Bamboo, Kenaf AndRice Straw Fibers

A study on cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, chemical composition, lignin distribution and fiber dimension of cultivated lignocellulosic fibers such as bamboo (B), kenaf (K) and rice straw (RS) were conducted. Anatomical features such as, cell wall ultrastructure and anatomy was viewed using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Light Microscopy (LM) respectively. Microfibrill Angle was obtained from Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) technique. Chemical analysis was done according to TAPPI Test Standard Method. The functional group in fibers was detected using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR)

Conceptual Design And Simulation Analysis Of Dough Mixer-Maker Machine

Collecting information on the use of kitchen appliances i.e. dough mixers is important to provide a more efficient and high-quality system and design. Nowadays, dough mixers that can only knead the dough are widely used to get a complete dough while saving time. Therefore, a dough mixer machine that operates with two functions such as McDuo Maker Machine is developed to save users time in kneading the dough as well as forming the finished dough into a cake according to the set mold. Currently, the machines developed in the market only work for kneading dough. Therefore, this machine is developed to produce a machine that can operate with two functions namely mixing the dough and forming the dough into a cake

Design Modification and Structure Simulation Analysis of Tapioca Peeling Machine

This project works on the design of a tapioca peeling machine for peeling freshly harvested tapioca tubers with the capacity of peeling tubers of different weight and diameter sizes. The need to mitigate the low output, drudgery, high labor costs and losses associated with manual peeling called for the design of the machine to improve the agricultural yield of the crop. The objectives of the research were to study the existing tapioca peeling technologies, to select and size the machine components, to develop the layout of the machine and to carry out the cost analysis of the tapioca peeling machine. To solve the problem, the innovation was formulated to peel tapioca skin with two stage of peeling (the first layer and the second layer) to increase productivity. From simulation of eco-auto-tap , the design of machine can work succesfully, and be a great improvement in the tapioca machin

Floriculture Industry: Multifunction Leaves Stem Cutting Machine for Small Medium-sized Enterprises

The floriculture industry plays a crucial role in the global economy by providing not only aesthetic value but also contributing significantly to agricultural employment and the export market. However, the efficiency and sustainability of SMEs in floriculture are often hindered by labourintensive practices, especially in the propagation of plants through stem cutting. This novel multifunction leaves stem cutting machine designed specifically to cater to the needs of SMEs in the floriculture sector. This machine serves the function to separate the flowers and leaves for selling purposes. It has gained lots of interest specifically in the flower-related field, florist businesses, and leaves extraction processes due to its convenient applications in separating the leaves from the flowers. However, readily available machines such as rose cutting machine are lack in it functions where it only operates only one function. The deficiency of the current product may cause serious injury to employees because the existing machine does not have good safety features that can avoid the workers being injured while carrying out the work. The objective of this study is to design, fabricate and test the functionality of the new system and ergonomic multifunction leaves stem cutting machine. The design was created by using Fusion 360 with the main part separating leaves, cutting the stem, washing part, and system part. All the processes will be carried out on the machine that have safety features that will not harm the user. The machine demonstrated exceptional performance including consistency of the machine that will benefits the SMEs with high productivity and lower production cost