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    Activity and Expression of Midgut Proteases from Mexican and US Trichoplusia ni (H眉bner) Strains Exposed to Bacillus thuringiensis

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    Abstract Proteases in the insect midgut have been associated with differences in susceptibility to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal toxins. Therefore, we evaluated the protease activity of laboratory versus field strains of Trichoplusia ni that were previously characterized by their susceptibility to Bt Cry toxins or protoxins and antimicrobial peptide production (Tamez-Guerra et al. 2006, 2008). In addition, because aminopeptidases may be involved in Bt resistance, the expression of T. ni aminopeptidase N1 transcript (tnapn1) was analyzed by RT-PCR. These strains included Mexican (NL) and American (US) laboratory strains, as well as a field collected strain (GTO), and strains obtained by XenTari庐 selection from the laboratory strains (NLX and USX) or field strain (GTOX). The activity of proteases in midgut extracts were evaluated by in vitro assays or in-gel activity with specific substrates. The results indicated that the ratio of midgut protease activity (trypsin:chymotrypsin) was higher in the laboratory NL and US strains, but the differences did not correlate with Bt resistance. The ratio was slightly increased in the Xentari-selected field strain GTOX, and zymograms with Xentari or Cry1Ac as substrates suggested that both high and low molecular mass protease activities were increased in GTOX. Selection also resulted in 87% and 300% higher tnapn1 amplification in Xentari-selected NLX and USX, respectively. The relationship between Bt susceptibility, proteases and tnapn1 expression and activity alterations is discussed. Key Words: trypsin; chymotrypsin; Bt protoxins and toxins activation; aminopeptidase N1; enzymatic alterations Resumen Diferencias en la susceptibilidad de insectos a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) se han asociado a la actividad de proteasas intestinales del insecto. El presente estudio se realiz贸 para evaluar la actividad de proteasas del intestino medio de cepas de Trichoplusia ni de laboratorio y campo en las que anteriormente se hab铆a caracterizado su susceptibilidad a protoxinas y toxinas Cry de Bt y producci贸n de p茅ptidos antimicrobiales (Tamez-Guerra et al. 2006, 2008). Debido a que la aminopeptidasa N1 se ha relacionado con la baja de susceptibilidad a Bt, tambi茅n se analiz贸 la amplificaci贸n de este transcrito (tnapn1) por RT-PCR entre las cepas de T. ni. Las cepas evaluadas fueron de laboratorio de M茅xico (NL) y Estados Unidos (US), as铆 como las cepas colectadas de campo (GTO) o despu茅s de sobreexponer las larvas a XenTari庐 (NLX, USX y GTOX). La actividad de proteasas presentes en el extracto del intestino medio se evalu贸 en ensayos in vitro o en gel usando sustratos espec铆ficos. Los resultados mostraron que el rango entre la relaci贸n de tripsina:quimotripsina era mayor en las cepas de laboratorio NL y US, pero estas diferencias no mostraron correlaci贸n con la resistencia a Bt. El rango se increment贸 ligeramente al seleccionar la cepa de campo GTOX con XenTari, mientras que los zimogramas usando Cry1Ac o XenTari como sustrato sugieren que se increment贸 la actividad de proteasas de alta y baja masa molecular, especialmente en la cepa GTOX. Tambi茅n se observ贸 un incremento del 87% y 300% en la expresi贸n del tnapn1 en las cepas NLX y USX, respectivamente, seleccionadas con XenTari. Se discute la relaci贸n entre la susceptibilidad a Bt con la alteraci贸n de la expresi贸n de tnapn1 y la actividad de proteasas. Palabras Clave: tripsina; quimiotripsina; activaci贸n de protoxinas y toxinas de Bt; aminopeptidasa N1; alteraciones enzim谩tica
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