Causes of Migration and Poverty of Housemaids in Peshawar and Nowshera: An Exploratory Study of Exploitation

Migration is always linked with poverty, it is considered to be a source of improvement in living standard. For this purpose both internal and external migration is made, but with this migration, besides benefits, comes many problem, and when the migration is made by rural women to urban areas, the odds of happening of these problems increases even more. Because of lack of skills and education, they prefer domestic work. The aim of this study is to analyse the reasons for which the rural women migrate and after they work as housemaids, what complications and problems they face. For this study two areas were targeted and data was collected through questionnaires. Later on the data was analysed descriptively, through percentage analysis method. It was found that working as a housemaid, they face serious problems. To overcome them, some policy recommendations are given which can make migration yield positive results, especially in case of rural women working as housemaids in urban areas

Trade Liberalization and FDI in Pakistan

This paper quantitatively identifies the impact of trade liberalization on foreign direct investment in Pakistan over the period of 1990 to 2005. The main interest of this study how different variables of trade liberalization affect foreign direct investment in Pakistan. The trade liberalization has been measured through four variables that are custom and other duties, taxes, taxes on income profit and capital gain, and interest payment. The study uses Feasible Generalized Least Squares for estimating the results. The variables custom and other duties and taxes on income and capital gain show the statistically significant impact on foreign direct investment. Taxes and interest payment shows the insignificant impact on foreign direct investment

Impact of Electricity Shortage on Industrial Estate of Hayatabad

Energy shortfalls have significant negative impact on the industrial sector of the developing economies. The purpose of this study is to find out the magnitude of negative effects on firm’s output due to ongoing lengthy energy load shedding.A primary data from 50 firms from HIE has been analyzed using Binomial Logistic Regression analysis and concluded that electricity shortfall negatively affect the output of all firms especially of smaller firms.Pakistan should focus on producing more cheap energy from hydroelectric power plants by building dams such as Kala Baagh dam and Bhaasha dam and should improve energy cooperation to invest in renewable energy resources. The proposed gas pipelines with neighboring countries should be completed to meet the ever growing demand for energy consumption. Keywords: Electricity Shortage, Hayatabad Industrial Estate (HIE

Impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on GDP: A Case Study from Pakistan

This research study is related to FDI and GDP and the main aim of this research study is to validate the relationship between them. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is considered as a growth accelerating component that has received a great attention in developed countries even in developing and less developed countries during recent years. Now FDI has greater importance in closed economy. FDI benefits any economy in terms of technology, skilled labor and skills transfer to the host countries. For data collection, 30 year data from 1983 to 2012 was collected and the cobb-Douglas Production function is used to test the relationship. Our research variables are Gross Capital Formation (K), Labor (L), Health Expenditure (H), FDI and openness to trade in export oriented economy (OP*FDI). We have followed the Bhagwati’s hypothesis that was: FDI has greater impact on GDP in the export oriented economy. For data analysis, we have examined the descriptive statistics, correlation and regression model. For this we incorporate the production function in regression model. In brief, our results show that there is a positive relationship between FDI and GDP in Pakistan. But, Pakistan has not sufficient flow of FDI during past decades. And main point to consider which is evident through statistics and results is that there is greater impact of FDI in the open trade policy regimes. It is also concluded that FDI impact may be situation and culture related. So, the extent of FDI economic benefits cannot be predicted

Mental health challenges and psycho-social interventions amid COVID-19 pandemic: A call to action for Pakistan

The increase in death and spread-related coronavirus (COVID-19) has shifted the world focus to the containment of the disease by emphasising measures to prevent spread in the general population. Such a complex, threatening, and unprecedented situation has left the psycho-social wellbeing needs of general public unaddressed. This paper aims to review the current COVID-19 scenario and its effects on the psycho-social wellbeing of people; and an attempt to shed some light on the aforementioned questions. Furthermore, the review will propose some recommendations for overcoming the mental illness issues, during and after the COVID-19 outbreak. We extracted information from reliable published international and national literature and reviewed anecdotes from media content from January to June 2020. The mental health implications of this outbreak will be long-lasting; however, by prioritising, investing diligently, and taking a collective approach, this challenge can be dealt with in a promising manner

Reliability and validity of WATCH: Warwick assessment instrument for clinical teaching

Objective: To determine the reliability, validity, feasibility, acceptability and perceived educational impact of WATCH: Warwick Assessment insTrument for Clinical teacHing among doctors in Pakistan.Study design: Cross-sectional research study.Place and duration of study: The College of Physicians and Surgeons, Pakistan, from September 2018 to August 2019.Methodology: Postgraduate trainees were asked to rate the clinical teaching sessions, using WATCH, which consists of 15 items. Percentage was used to calculate gender and participation from different specialties. Inter-item correlations of 15 items with individual mean scores, standard deviations and Cronbach\u27s Alpha were reported, including Friedman test, in order to observe the scores across multiple conditions. The Hotelling\u27s T2 test was used to test whether the answers provided by the study participants to the questionnaire were equal. Construct validity was determined using factor analysis while feasibility, acceptability, and educational impact was evaluated by seeking participants\u27 feedback on five semi-structured questions.Results: More than 80% ranked WATCH from good to excellent. Oveall 8 items were perceived as excellent, while 7 items received rating of good. Inter-item correlation ranged from 0.61 to 0.81. Cronbach Alpha was reported to be 0.975, with significant difference in mean scores of different items (Friedman\u27s Chi-Square=4285.54; p\u3c0.001). The Hotelling\u27s T2 test (21598.871 with F=185.249, df=14,2654; p\u3c0.001) indicated that the mean values of the responses of different questions in the instrument were statiscally different. Factor analysis indicated one factor accounting for 73.97 of variance. The majority (93%) of the participants found the instrument easy to complete, most participants (91.5%) indicated it as an acceptable method of assessment, and majority (90.8%) perceived that it can improve clinical teaching.Conclusion: WATCH demonstrated valid, reliable, feasible, and acceptable results for assessment of teaching of medical doctors and it can be used for providing feedback and rewarding teachers who excel in teaching. Key Words: Clinical teaching, Validity, Reliability, Feasibility, Medical students, Residents, Doctors

Dietary Patterns and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in 52 Countries Results of the INTERHEART Study

Background: Diet is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but it varies markedly in different regions of the world. The objectives of the present study were to assess the association between dietary patterns and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) globally. Methods and Results: INTERHEART is a standardized case-control study involving participants from 52 countries. The present analysis included 5761 cases and 10 646 control subjects. We identified 3 major dietary patterns using factor analysis: Oriental (high intake of tofu and soy and other sauces), Western (high in fried foods, salty snacks, eggs, and meat), and prudent (high in fruit and vegetables). We observed an inverse association between the prudent pattern and AMI, with higher levels being protective. Compared with the first quartile, the adjusted ORs were 0.78 (95% CI 0.69 to 0.88) for the second quartile, 0.66 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.75) for the third, and 0.70 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.80) for the fourth (P for tren