Enhancing Vehicle Classification Accuracy: A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) Based Model

Using the convolutional neural network (CNN) fine-tuned method, this article introduces a vehicle categorization system. The system's goal is to properly categorize popular vehicle types in the domestic market, which will help with traffic control, monitoring, and traffic accident prevention. The efficacy of VGG-16 and Inception V3 architectures is demonstrated by their evaluation of a real-world dataset consisting of 2000 photos of vehicles. While VGG-16 attains an accuracy of 99.11%, Inception V3 reaches an accuracy of 96.43%. In terms of overall accuracy, VGG-16 outperforms Inception V3, highlighting the importance of architectural decisions in achieving accurate vehicle classification. The suggested technique significantly improves computer vision applications in the domain of vehicle classification, making valuable contributions to traffic management and accident prevention efforts

FREQUENCY OF ENCEPHALOPATHY IN CHILDREN WITH ENTERIC FEVER

Objective; To determine the frequency of encephalopathy in children with enteric fever presenting at a tertiary care hospital. Patients and methods; This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Pediatric Medicine Services Hospital Lahore from January 2015 to December 2016. A total of 100 patients with enteric fever were recruited in our study. Results; Of these 100 study cases, 59 (59%) were boys and 41 (41%) were girls. Mean age of our study cases was 7.99 ± 3.28 years. Majority of the study cases with enteric fever i.e. 56 (56%) were age more than 7 years. Mean Temperature was 102.30 ± 0.45 F0. Mean disease duration (enteric fever) was 5.47 ± 1.18 days (with minimum disease duration was 4 days while maximum duration of fever was 8 days). Of these 100 study cases, 51 (51%) belonged to the rural areas and 49 (49%) were from urban territories. While majority of these children belonged to the families having poor socio-economic status 67 (67%), middle income socio-economic status was reported by 26 (26%) and 07 (7%) were from higher socio-economic status. Encephalopathy was seen in 18 (18%) of our study cases. Conclusion; Our study results have indicated that frequency of encephalopathy is high among children hospitalized due to enteric fever. Majority of our study cases belonged to poor socio-economic status families living in slum areas where poor sanitation facilities. Encephalopathy was significantly associated with disease duration, increasing age in male gender and lower age groups in female gender. Keywords; Enteric fever, Encephalopathy, children

The influence of Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity on Speech and Language Development

A number of factors influence the speech and language development of young children, and delay in the development of speech and language can have repercussions for school attainment and life chances. This paper is based on a survey of 3-4 year old children in the city of Stoke-on-Trent in the UK. It analyses the data collected from 255 children in 26 schools, and discusses the effects of socioeconomic status and ethnicity on delayed or advanced language development in young children. Language development in the project was measured using the New Reynell Developmental Language Scales (NRDLS) (Edwards, Letts and Sinka, 2011). The study shows mean standard scores for language Production and Comprehension within the low average range, thus demonstrating a challenge confronting nurseries/preschools in the area in preparing children for compulsory schooling. The research has implications for Early Years education policy and practice

Study of Gc-ms And Hplc Characterized Metabolic Compounds in Guava (Psidium Guajava L.) Leaves

Psidium guajava leaves are rich source of nutrients, antioxidants, phytoconstituents and biological active compounds. The study was designed to elucidate secondary metabolites like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides in extracts of guava leaves through Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by qualitative as well as quantitative procedures. These metabolites were further tested for their antimicrobial potential against two-gram positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two-gram negative (Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida) bacteria and three pathogenic fungal strains (Asprrgillus niger, Fusarium solani and Aspergillus flavus). GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of major constituents like Ca- Caryophyllene (22.70%), α cubebene (11.2%) and alpha Humulene (5.91%). The ethyl-acetate, methanol, n-hexane and chloroform extracts were tested for antibacterial and antifungal activities against above mentioned microbes. Among all the tested solvent extracts, Chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of P. guajava demonstrated more sensitivity towards the growth of B. subtilis and P. multocida with MIC of 230±3.02, 316. ±6.2 and 237±5.09 and 288±1.55 μg/ml, respectively. Methanolic extracts showed higher MIC against S. aureus (233±5.51 μg/ml) and E. coli (192±2.05 μg/ml), respectively. The findings of this current study would provide the way to use guava as a potential therapeutic agent to combat antimicrobial and antifungal resistance

Potential impact of microbial consortia in biomining and bioleaching of commercial metals

Biomining is the use of microorganisms for the commercial extraction of lavish metals from ores and mines with least effect on environment. Microbes play vital role in bioleaching procedures in commercial mining. The bacterial cells are used to detoxify/replace waste cyanide, marginal biomass and activated carbon. These methods are preferred over conventional techniques due to energy efficient, low cost, environment friendly and production of useful by-products. At industrial scale, different microbial strains (Acidophilic, Sulphobacillus, Rhodococcus, Ferrimicrobium &chemolithotrophic) are deployed to boost the processes of copper and uranium bioleaching. About 20% of the world’s copper is extracted by using this technique. These extraction procedures involve oxidation of insoluble metal sulphides to soluble sulphates. The isolation of thermophilic microbes for mineral biooxidation increase the commercial extraction of minerals at industrial scale. The conventional pyrometallurgical techniques have environmental concerns as they result in depletion of high grade ores and release harmful gaseous. The microbe-assisted gold mining is expected to double the yield of gold and needs to be fully explored using diverse array of microbes. Bioleaching is simple and low cost method for the developing countries with large ore deposits. About 30 strains of microbes have been discovered so for with potential impact on bioleaching. With advances in molecular genetics, physiology and microbial genomics, more promising strains with increased bioactivities are possible. Further efforts are underway to culture diverse range of archaea and improving its genetic potential to be used as industrial tool for commercial bioleaching. The currents review enlightens the recent trends in biomining/bioleaching and implementation of modern biological approaches to engineer target microbes for commercial use

Purification and characterization of 60 kD lipase linked with chaperonin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BN-1

An extracellular lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa BN-1 was purified to 42.99 fold. N-terminal sequence of purified enzyme was AAKEVKFGDS identical to sequence of a chaperonin and enzyme may be linked to it. It has an estimated molecular weight of 60 kD, while temperature and pH optima were 37°C and 8.0,  respectively. The enzyme obtained has considerable thermostability retaining 70% of activity at 50°C for 1 h. The enzyme was stable at pH 9.5 for 1 h having 70% of the residual activity. Long acyl chains were preferred as substrate and highest hydrolytic activity was observed against C-16 and C-18 4-nitrophenyl esters. Mustard oil was found to be the preferred substrate as lipolytic activity was 2.75 fold higher when compared with the activity with olive oil as the substrate. The enzymatic activity declined in the presence of Al3+, Hg2+, Co2+ and Mn2+, while Ca2+ and Ba2+ ions enhanced the activity. Non ionic detergents, Tween 80 and sodium deoxycholate, increased the activity by 1.2 and 2.5 fold, respectively. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2-mercaptoethanol and 1,4-dithio-DL-threitol (DTT) had no effect on lipolytic activity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) inhibited the enzyme activity by 90 and 98%, respectively. The lipase showed stability in organic solvents.Key words: Pseudomonas aeruginosa BN-1, chaperonin, mustard oil, organic solvent, phenyl methyl sulfonylfluoride, sodium deoxycholate, Swiss Prot Accession # P 30718

Minimization of total harmonic distortions of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter by utilizing bio inspired AI algorithm

Minimizing total harmonic distortion (THD) with less system complexity and computation time is a stringent constraint for many power systems. The multilevel inverter can have low THD when switching angles are selected at the fundamental frequency. For low-order harmonic minimization, selective harmonic elimination (SHE) is the most adopted and proficient technique but it involves the non-linear transcendental equations which are very difficult to solve analytically and numerically. This paper proposes a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization technique to minimize the THD of cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter. The GA is the finest approach for solving such complex equations by obtaining optimized switching angles. The switching angles are calculated by the genetic algorithm by solving the nonlinear transcendental equations. This paper has modeled and simulated a five-level inverter in MATLAB Simulink. The THD comparison is carried out between step modulation method and optimization method. The results reveal that THD has been reduced from 17.88 to 16.74% while third and fifth harmonics have been reduced from 3.24%, 3.7% to 0.84% and 3.3%, respectively. The optimization method along with LC filter significantly improves the power quality providing a complete sinusoidal signal for varying load