Effect of sugar syrup on larval survival in honey bee colonies affected by River disease

La muerte masiva de larvas de abejas Apis mellifera que ocurre cuando las abejas colectan las excreciones del flátido Epormensis cestri es conocida como Mal del Río en Uruguay. Los apicultores que encuentran afectadas sus colonias en primavera verano deben trasladarlas hacia otras zonas para evitar pérdidas importantes por despoblamiento. Algunos apicultores han tratado de disminuir la pérdida de larvas suministrando jarabe de azúcar reportando resultados dispares. Para determinar en qué medida el aporte de jarabe de azúcar reducía la mortalidad larval se instalaron en un apiario afectado por el Mal del Río tres grupos de 10 colonias cada uno. A dos grupos se les suministró dos litros de jarabe de azúcar 1:1 (peso:volumen) en 6 oportunidades a lo largo de 19 días, a uno a través de un alimentador interno y a otro a través de un alimentador externo. El tercer grupo de colonias no recibió jarabe de azúcar. En ese periodo se estimó en cuatro oportunidades la viabilidad de la cría mediante análisis de fotografías. El jarabe de azúcar, independientemente del tipo de alimentador empleado, permitió que sobrevivieran 53-64 % de las larvas en la primera semana, pero estos valores decayeron rápidamente alcanzando 7 días después un máximo de 24 %. En las colonias control la mortalidad de la cría fue menor a 2 %. Estos resultados muestran que el efecto del jarabe de azúcar en la reducción de mortalidad larval es acotado y de corta duración, por lo que no se aconseja a los apicultores recurrir a este manejo en colonias afectadas por el Mal del Río.The massive larvae death of the honey bee Apis mellifera that occurs when the bees collect the excretions of the flatidae Epormensis cestri is known in Uruguay as River disease. The beekeepers that find their colonies affected during spring-summer must move them to a safe place to prevent significant losses due to depopulation. Some beekeepers have tried to reduce the loss of larvae by adding sugar syrup, reporting different results. In order to evaluate in what measure, if any, the sugar syrup reduced the larvae mortality, 3 groups of 10 colonies each were installed in an apiary infected by River disease. Two of these groups were given two liters of sugar syrup 1:1 (weight:volume) in 6 opportunities throughout 19 days, one of them through an internal feeder and the other through an external feeder. The third group of colonies did not receive sugar syrup. In this period, the viability of the brood was estimated four times through photographic analysis. The sugar syrup, regardless of the type of feeder used, allowed 53-64 % of the larvae to survive the first week, but these values quickly decreased, reaching after 7 days a maximum survival of 24 %. In the control colonies the brood mortality was below 2 %. These results show that the effect that sugar syrup has on larvae mortality is narrow and of short duration, so it is not advised that beekeepers resort to this practice in colonies affected by River disease.INIA: FPTA 32

Producción de mielatos en colonias de abejas afectadas por el mal del río en Uruguay

In Uruguay, the excretions of the flatidae Epormenis cestri when located in sarandí colorado trees (Sebastiania schottiana) are the cause of the massive death of young honeybee larvae, a phenomenon that beekeepers call River disease. A strong income of honeydew is frequently observed in these affected colonies despite the con-tinuous loss of bees due to lack of replacement. The aim of this study was to determine a handling of the colonies that allows obtaining honeydew honey. Forty-eight colonies were transported to an apiary affected by River disease and were divided into 5 groups according to the following treatments: Group 1: regular honeydew har-vest, adding of brood and sugar syrup supply (N=10); Group 2: regular honeydew harvest and sugar syrup supply (N=10); Group 3: regular honeydew harvest and adding of brood (N=10); Group 4: regular honeydew harvest (N=10); Group 5: only one harvest of honeydew once the study had finished (N=8). The colonies from groups 1 and 3 produced the biggest amount of honeydew honey, averaging 32.0 and 28.6kg, respectively. The physicochemical analysis of honeydew honey showed characteristics of this product such as high electrical conductivity (0.98-1.14 mS/cm), diastase activity (>50%) and color (71-83 mm Pfund). This study provides the basis of a colony handling that allows beekeepers to obtain important harvests of a honeydew honey not yet known in the international market.En Uruguay, las excreciones de los flátidos Epormenis cestri, cuando se localizan en árboles de sarandí colo-rado (Sebastiania schottiana), causan mortalidad masiva de larvas jóvenes de abejas melíferas, fenómeno que los apicultores denominan «mal del río». Frecuentemente se observa una fuerte entrada de mielatos en las colonias afectadas a pesar del despoblamiento de abejas generado por la falta de reemplazo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar un manejo de las colonias que permita obtener mielatos. Se transportaron 48 colo-nias a un colmenar afectado por el mal del río y se dividieron en 5 grupos de acuerdo con el tratamiento: Grupo 1: cosecha regular de mielatos, adición de cría y suministro de jarabe de azúcar (N = 10); Grupo 2: cosecha regular de mielatos y suministro de jarabe de azúcar (N = 10); Grupo 3: cosecha regular de mielatos y adición de cría (N = 10); Grupo 4: cosecha regular de mielatos (N = 10); Grupo 5: solo una cosecha de mielatos una vez finalizadas las secreciones de E. cestri (N = 8). Las colonias de los grupos 1 y 3 produjeron la mayor cantidad de mielatos, con un promedio de 32,0 y 28,6 kg, respectivamente. El análisis fisicoquímico de los mielatos mostró características de este producto, como alta conductividad eléctrica (0.98-1.14 mS / cm), activi-dad diastasa (> 50%) y color (71-83 mm Pfund). Este estudio proporciona la base de un manejo de las colonias que permite a los apicultores obtener cosechas importantes de un mielato aún no conocido en el mercado internacional

Observations on the biology of Epormenis cestri, Berg, 1879 (Hemiptera, Flatidae)

En Uruguay Epormenis cestri, excreta un líquido dulce que es colectado por Apis mellifera provocando la enfermedad del Mal del Río, con impacto económico en la apicultura. Se describen los estadios de ciclo de vida, vegetación asociada y posibles organismos controladores biológicos de las poblaciones de este Flátido.In Uruguay, Epormenis cestri excretes a sweet liquid that is collected by Apis mellifera causing the Mal del Río disease, with an economic impact on beekeeping. The life cycle stages, associated vegetation and possible biological control organisms of the populations of Epormenis cestri are described

Characterization of varroa destructor mites in Cuba using mitochondrial and nuclear markers

Varroa destructor has been present in Cuba since 1996, but without the use of acaricidal infestation rates remain at very low levels. The presence of Korean haplotype mites was described in 2007, but there is no information regarding the introgression of the less virulent Japanese haplotype that could account for a low pathogenicity of the mite. In this research, we carried out molecular characterization of Cuban Varroa mites through mitochondrial DNA and hypervariable nuclear loci. We applied an alternative RFLP tech-nique and found that all the analyzed samples corresponded to Korean haplotypes. We analyzed the three STRs loci VD112, VD114 and VD016, previously described as highly variable and found new alleles in all of them, with an absolute allele size very different to those reported worldwide. We also detected genic and genotypic differentiation be-tween samples from two nearby locations (P=0.08). We also tested a new RFLP method for mite haplotype discrimination with an intra-reaction positive control of digestion

Características del fruto de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) utilizando abejorros nativos (Bombus atratus) como polinizadores en invernáculo

In Uruguay, the production of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in greenhouse presents pollination issues that limit its yield. The use of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) as pollinators can help overcome this problem as they perform “buzzing pollination”, a behavior that makes them excellent pollinators of Solanaceae and particularly tomato. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the native bumblebees Bombus atratus on the pro-portion of fruit set, weight, diameter, number of seeds and number of locules of tomato (LAPATAIA and ELPIDA varieties). An experience was carried out in Canelones, where the fruits from flowers pollinated by bumblebees and from flowers not visited by insects were compared; two other experiences carried out in Salto were similar to that of Canelones, but included flowers treated with hormones. In the three analyzed greenhouses the visit of bumblebees to the flowers increased the proportion of fruit set by 13 - 47%, compared to the result obtained in flowers not visited by the insects. Also, the pollinating action of bumblebees significantly improved the weight, size, and number of seeds compared to fruits obtained from flowers without access to pollinators. This improve-ment was recorded in the experience in Canelones and only in one of the Salto's experiences. On the other hand, a positive correlation was found between the number of seeds and the weight (R2 = 0.37, R2 = 0.53; LAPATAIA, ELPIDA, respectively) in the two tomato varieties. This study is the first in Uruguay to show the benefits of using native bumblebees in tomato production in greenhouses.En Uruguay, la producción de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) bajo invernáculo presenta problemas de polini-zación que limitan su rendimiento. El uso de abejorros (Bombus spp.) como polinizadores puede contribuir a superar este problema, ya que realizan «polinización por zumbido», comportamiento necesario para polinizar las solanáceas y particularmente el tomate. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de los abejorros nativos Bombus atratus en el porcentaje de cuajado, peso, diámetro, número de semillas y número de lóculos de tomate (variedades LAPATAIA y ELPIDA). Se realizó una experiencia en el departamento de Canelones donde se cotejaron los frutos de flores polinizadas por abejorros y flores no visitadas por los insectos; y dos experiencias en Salto iguales a la de Canelones, pero que incluían flores tratadas con hormonas. En los tres invernáculos la visita de los abejorros a las flores incrementó el porcentaje de cuajado entre 13 y 47 % en relación con el obtenido en flores no visitadas por los insectos. La acción polinizadora de los abejorros también mejoró signifi-cativamente el peso, tamaño y número de semillas respecto a frutos obtenidos de flores sin acceso a poliniza-dores en dos de las tres experiencias realizadas. Por otro lado, en las dos variedades de tomate se encontró una correlación positiva entre el número de semillas y el peso (R2=0,37, R2=0,53; LAPATAIA, ELPIDA, respectiva-mente). Este estudio es el primero en Uruguay que muestra los beneficios de utilizar abejorros nativos para mejorar la producción de tomates en invernáculos

A reciprocal transplant experiment confirmed mite-resistance in a honey bee population from Uruguay

In the past few years there has been an increasing interest for the study of honey bee populations that are naturally resistant to the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor, aiming to identify the mechanisms that allow the bees to limit the reproduction of the mite. In eastern Uruguay there are still bees resistant to mites that survive without acaricides. In order to determine if the differential resistance to V. destructor was maintained in other environments, a reciprocal transplant experiment was performed between the mite-resistant bee colonies and the mite-susceptible bee colonies from the east and the west of the country, respectively, infesting bees with local mites. In both regions, the mite-resistant colonies expressed a higher hygienic behavior and presented a higher phoretic mites/reproductive mites and mites in drone cells/mites in worker cells ratio than the mite-susceptible colonies. All the mite-susceptible colonies died during fall–winter, while a considerable number of mite-resistant colonies survived until spring, especially in the east of the country. This study shows that the bees in the east of the country maintain in good measure the resistance to V. destructor in other regions and leaves open the possibility that the mites of the two populations have biases in the reproductive behavior.INIA: PF10.ANII:POS_NAC_2013_1_1225

Floral constance in the native bees Bombus pauloensis and Bombus bellicosus.

La constancia floral que muestran los ápidos durante sus viajes de forrajeo es un tema de amplio debate, tanto por los mecanismos cognitivos subyacentes, como por su implicancia en la optimización en la recolección de alimento y por las consecuencias para las especies botánicas visitadas. Los abejorros del género Bombus han sido buenos modelos para estudiar este comportamiento. En este estudio se analizó la constancia floral de los abejorros nativos Bombus pauloensis y Bombus bellicosus en una pradera compuesta de trébol rojo, trébol blanco y lotus. Para ello se registraron las especies botánicas que visitaban los abejorros durante un tramo de su vuelo de forrajeo. Se encontraron diferencias interespecíficas en la constancia floral. El 70% de B. pauloensis y el 43,5% de B. bellicosus que visitaron al menos 20 unidades florales individuales (UFI = inflorescencia para tréboles y flores para lotus) visitaron un solo recurso (P<0.001). Al analizar los vuelos de UFI a UFI B. pauloensis presentó una constancia de vuelos de 98.7% y B. bellicosus de 94.4% (P<0.05). El grado de constancia floral que presentan los abejorros sería una respuesta adaptativa, donde están involucradas las restricciones cognitivas, la disponibilidad de recursos, la competencia con otras especies y la eficiencia en la extracción de néctar y el polen.Flower constancy shown by the apids during their foraging trips is a subject of wide debate, both because of the underlying cognitive mechanisms, as for its implication in optimizing the food collection and for the consequences for the botanical species visited. Bumblebees of the genus Bombus have been good models for studying this behavior. In this study, the flower constancy of the native bumblebees Bombus pauloensis and Bombus bellicosus was analyzed in a meadow composed of red clover, white clover and bird‘s foot trefoil. To do this, the botanical species that bumblebees visited during a section of their foraging flight were recorded. Interspecific differences were found in flower constancy. Seventy percent of B. pauloensis and 43.5% of B. bellicosus that visited at least 20 individual flower units (IFU = inflorescences for clovers and flowers for bird‘s foot trefoils) visited a single resource (P <0.001). When analyzing the flights from IFU to IFU, B. pauloensis presented a flight constancy of 98.7% and B. bellicosus of 94.4% (P <0.05). The degree of flower constancy shown by bumblebees would be an adaptive response, where cognitive restrictions, resource availability, competition with other species and efficiency in the extraction of nectar and pollen are involve

Increased caspase-3 immunoexpression and morphology alterations in oenocytes and trophocytes of Apis mellifera larvae induced by toxic secretion of Epormenis cestri

Toxic honeydew produced by Flatidae Epormenis cestri in Uruguay has been shown to cause among honeybees (Apis mellifera) colonies a massive larva death called “River disease”, but the intrinsic mechanisms are still unknown. Because fat body cells, oenocytes and trophocytes, are known to regulated larvae metabolism, and to be affected by xenobiotics, we tested whether apoptosis of these cells can be an underlying cause of larvae death. Ten colonies were divided into two groups and fed with common honey or toxic honeydew obtained from colonies affected by “River disease”. Five-day-old larvae were collected and processed for histology and immunohistochemistry for caspase-3. The area, diameter, and immunostaining area in oenocytes and trophocytes were measured. The oenocyte and trophocyte cellular area decreased in the treated group (p=0.002; p<0.001 respectively) compared to the control group. The diameter of oenocytes (p=0.0002) and trophocytes (p<0.0001) decreased in the treated group. Caspase-3 was detected in cytoplasm in the control group but in the cytoplasm and nucleus in the treated group. The caspase-3 immunostaining area increased in oenocytes (p<0.002) and trophocytes (p<0.0001) of the treated group. The ingestion of toxic honeydew altered the morphology, localization and immunoexpression of caspase-3 in fat body cells, which suggests that the deregulation of the apoptotic mechanism affected the normal development in A. mellifera larvae

Unraveling honey bee–varroa destructor interaction: multiple factors involved in differential resistance between two uruguayan populations

The ectoparasite Varroa destructor is the greatest biotic threat of honey bees Apis mellifera in vast regions of the world. Recently, the study of natural mite-resistant populations has gained much interest to understand the action of natural selection on the mechanisms that limit the mite population. In this study, the components of the A. mellifera–V. destructor relationship were thoroughly examined and compared in resistant and susceptible honey bee populations from two regions of Uruguay. Mite-resistant honey bees have greater behavioral resistance (hygienic and grooming behaviors) than susceptible honey bees. At the end of the summer, resistant honey bees had fewer mites and a lower deformed wing virus (DWV) viral load than susceptible honey bees. DWV variant A was the only detected variant in honey bees and mites. Molecular analysis by Short Tandem Repeat showed that resistant honey bees were Africanized (A. m. scutellata hybrids), whereas susceptible honey bees were closer to European subspecies. Furthermore, significant genetic differentiation was also found between the mite populations. The obtained results show that the natural resistance of honey bees to V. destructor in Uruguay depends on several factors and that the genetic variants of both organisms can play a relevant rol

Epormenis cestri secretions in Sebastiania schottiana trees cause mass death of honey bee Apis mellifera larvae in Uruguay

For more than 60 years, sporadic cases of massive summer honey bee larvae mortality in colonies located near freshwater systems with abundant riparian vegetation have been reported in Uruguay. This odd phenomenon, known as “River disease” by beekeepers, can lead to colony death by depopulation. The aim of this study was to detect the causes of larvae death. Different experiments and analyses were performed using affected apiaries located between two important water courses. 1 day old larvae were the most susceptible and substances that killed the larvae were present in the nectar but not in the pollen. A palynological analysis of nectar samples showed that bees collect this resource from commonly pollinated floral species in the country. However, abundant fungi spores and conidia were found, which indicates that the bees also collected honeydews. In the riparian vegetation, bees were observed collecting the secretions of the planthopper Epormenis cestri on Sebastiania schottiana trees. It was found that the mortality period of larvae overlaps with the presence of E. cestri. Larvae maintained in the laboratory were fed (i) nectar from healthy colonies, (ii) nectar from affected colonies, and (iii) secretions of E. cestri. The mortality of the larvae that received nectar from colonies affected with River disease and secretions of E. cestri was higher than the mortality of those receiving nectar from healthy colonies. This represents the first report of planthopper honeydew causing mass larval mortality in honey bees