Fruit Quolity of'Gros Colman'Grapes Produced on Virus-free Vines

The Grape cultivar 'Gros Coleman'(Vitis vinifera)is the latest-maturing variety in japan,mainly cultivatde in green-houses in southern Okayama.Vines treated with virus-free treatments before raising in a nursery bed have been introduced in the last desade to improve the fuit quality,especially skin coloration and sugar content.However,some growers feel that the fruit taste from treated vines tends to deteriorate earlier than from untreated vines. We investigated change in the qualities of the berries produced on treated and untreated vines from October to January.After analysing skin color,berry turgidity,and juice constituents,we concluded that the palatability of berries on virus-free vines might be lessened in late December or thereafter of the rapid decrease in amino acids such as glutamic acid,glutamine,and alanine,which considerrably affects fruit taste.岡山県南部で施設栽培されている晩熟性ブドウの’グローコールマン’では、果実の品質を高めるためにウイルスフリー樹の導入が進められてきた。それによって、多くの場合は果実の着色や糖の蓄積が促進されるようになったが、樹によっては出荷最盛期の12月下旬になると果実の「張り」や食味が低下すると言われている。本研究で主産地の岡山市一宮地区内にある５ケ所の’グロー･コールマン’園で、ウイルスフリー樹と在来樹の果実の成熟を比較した結果、12月上旬から1月中旬までの間に果粒の「張り」や果汁の糖濃度が低下することは認められなかった。しかし、ウイルスフリー樹では果汁のアミノ酸が速く低下する傾向があり、それが食味の低下を引き起こす可能性があると推察される

Hyaluronan metabolism in overloaded TMJ

The present study aimed to examine hyaluronan (HA) metabolism in relation to the onset and progression of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) induced by mechanical overloading. Two-month-old and 6-month-old C57BL/6N mice were divided into experimental and untreated control groups (n = 5/group). A sliding plate was attached to the maxillary incisors of the experimental mice for 10 days to overload the condylar cartilage in TMJ. In experimental group, profound cartilage degradation was detected in hematoxylin-eosin, Safranin-O-Fast Green stained sections. It was also shown that the cartilage degradation was greater in older mice in both the control and the experimental groups. The number of HABP positive cells was decreased by mechanical overloading and with age. The reduction of HA expression was correlated with the progression of cartilage degradation induced by mechanical overloading. The absolute quantification of the mRNA expression related to HA synthesis and HA degradation was also performed in each group. The mRNA expression levels of HA synthase (HAS) 2 and 3 were lower in the experimental group compared with the control group in the younger mice. In contrast, the mRNA expression levels of the HA degradation gene, HYAL2 and KIAA1199, were higher in the experimental group compared with the control group in the older mice. Thus, mechanical overload differently affected the balance of HA degradation and HA synthesis in the older and younger mice, respectively. In conclusion, mechanical overloading affects HA metabolism and it might initiate or amplify the condylar cartilage degradation

Correlation between musculoskeletal structure of the hand and primate locomotion: Morphometric and mechanical analysis in prehension using the cross- and triple-ratios

Biometric ratios of the relative length of the rays in the hand have been analyzed between primate species in the light of their hand function or phylogeny. However, how relative lengths among phalanges are mechanically linked to the grasping function of primates with different locomotor behaviors remains unclear. To clarify this, we calculated cross and triple-ratios, which are related to the torque distribution, and the torque generation mode at different joint angles using the lengths of the phalanges and metacarpal bones in 52 primates belonging to 25 species. The torque exerted on the finger joint and traction force of the flexor tendons necessary for a cylindrical grip and a suspensory hand posture were calculated using the moment arm of flexor tendons measured on magnetic resonance images, and were compared among\ua0Hylobates\ua0spp.,\ua0Ateles\ua0sp., and\ua0Papio hamadryas. Finally, the torques calculated from the model were validated by a mechanical study detecting the force exerted on the phalanx by pulling the digital flexor muscles during suspension in these three species. Canonical discriminant analysis of cross and triple-ratios classified primates almost in accordance with their current classification based on locomotor behavior. The traction force was markedly reduced with flexion of the MCP joint parallel to the torque in brachiating primates; this was notably lower in the terrestrial quadrupedal primates than in the arboreal primates at mild flexion. Our mechanical study supported these features in the torque and traction force generation efficiencies. Our results suggest that suspensory or terrestrial quadrupedal primates have hand structures that can exert more torque at a suspensory posture, or palmigrade and digitigrade locomotion, respectively. Furthermore, our study suggests availability of the cross and triple-ratios as one of the indicators to estimate the hand function from the skeletal structure

Correlation between musculoskeletal structure of the hand and primate locomotion: Morphometric and mechanical analysis in prehension using the cross- and triple-ratios.

Biometric ratios of the relative length of the rays in the hand have been analyzed between primate species in the light of their hand function or phylogeny. However, how relative lengths among phalanges are mechanically linked to the grasping function of primates with different locomotor behaviors remains unclear. To clarify this, we calculated cross and triple-ratios, which are related to the torque distribution, and the torque generation mode at different joint angles using the lengths of the phalanges and metacarpal bones in 52 primates belonging to 25 species. The torque exerted on the finger joint and traction force of the flexor tendons necessary for a cylindrical grip and a suspensory hand posture were calculated using the moment arm of flexor tendons measured on magnetic resonance images, and were compared among Hylobates spp., Ateles sp., and Papio hamadryas. Finally, the torques calculated from the model were validated by a mechanical study detecting the force exerted on the phalanx by pulling the digital flexor muscles during suspension in these three species. Canonical discriminant analysis of cross and triple-ratios classified primates almost in accordance with their current classification based on locomotor behavior. The traction force was markedly reduced with flexion of the MCP joint parallel to the torque in brachiating primates; this was notably lower in the terrestrial quadrupedal primates than in the arboreal primates at mild flexion. Our mechanical study supported these features in the torque and traction force generation efficiencies. Our results suggest that suspensory or terrestrial quadrupedal primates have hand structures that can exert more torque at a suspensory posture, or palmigrade and digitigrade locomotion, respectively. Furthermore, our study suggests availability of the cross and triple-ratios as one of the indicators to estimate the hand function from the skeletal structure

Study on Irradiation Effects by Femtosecond-pulsed Extreme Ultraviolet in Resist Materials

Irradiation effects of PMMA induced by femtosecond-pulsed extreme ultraviolet (EUV) were investigated using Soft X-ray free electron laser (SXFEL) for realization of next generation lithography. The sensitivity of PMMA upon exposure to femtosecond-pulsed SXFEL was much higher than that measured for conventional nanosecond-pulsed EUV source. This result speculates the reactions induced by femtosecond-pulsed SXFEL was different from those induced by nanosecond-pulsed EUV

64Cu-ATSM internal radiotherapy to treat tumors with bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia in human colon carcinoma xenografts

Bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody, is anantiangiogenic agent clinically used for various cancers. However, repeated use ofthis agent leads to tumor-decreased vascularity and hypoxia with activation of anHIF-1 signaling pathway, which results in drug delivery deficiency and induction ofmalignant behaviors in tumors. Here, we developed a novel strategy to treat tumorswith bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia using 64Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM), a potential theranostic agent, whichpossesses high tissue permeability and can target over-reduced conditions underhypoxia in tumors, with a human colon carcinoma HT-29 tumor-bearing mouse model.The long-term treatment with bevacizumab caused decreased blood vessel densityand activation of an HIF-1 signaling pathway; increased uptake of 64Cu-ATSM was alsoobserved despite limited blood vessel density in HT-29 tumors. In vivo high-resolutionSPECT/PET/CT imaging confirmed reduced vascularity and increased proportion of64Cu-ATSM uptake areas within the bevacizumab-treated tumors. 64Cu-ATSM therapywas effective to inhibit tumor growth and prolong survival of the bevacizumab-treatedtumor-bearing mice without major adverse effects. In conclusion, 64Cu-ATSM therapyeffectively enhanced anti-tumor effects in tumors with bevacizumab-induced vasculardecrease and hypoxia. 64Cu-ATSM therapy could represent a novel approach as an add-on to antiangiogenic therapy

64Cu-ATSM internal radiotherapy to treat tumors with bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia: Imaging analysis with dual-isotope simultaneous SPECT/PET/CT

Bevacizumab, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody, is an antiangiogenic agent clinically used for various cancers. However, repeated use of this agent leads to tumor-decreased vascularity and hypoxia, which results in drug delivery deficiency and induction of malignant behaviors in tumors. To address this, we focused on a theranostic agent, 64Cu-diacetyl-bis (N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM), which possesses high tissue permeability and can target the over-reduced state under hypoxia within tumors. The efficacy of internal radiotherapy with 64Cu-ATSM was examined in mice bearing tumors with bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia. Methods: Human colon carcinoma HT-29 tumor-bearing mice were treated with bevacizumab (5 mg/kg twice a week) for 3 weeks to produce a model for tumors with bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia. Characteristics within the bevacizumab-treated tumors were examined. Dual-isotope simultaneous SPECT/PET/CT imaging with a blood pool-detecting agent 99mTc-labeled human serum albumin and 64Cu-ATSM was performed. In vivo treatment study was then performed. Results: The bevacizumab-treated HT-29 tumors showed decreased blood vessel density, activation of the HIF-1 signaling pathway and upregulation of genes involved in this pathway, and increased uptake of 64Cu-ATSM, compared to the control. SPECT/PET/CT imaging showed reduced vascularity and increased proportion of hypoxic areas in the bevacizumab-treated tumors. 64Cu-ATSM therapy was effective to inhibit tumor growth and prolong survival in the bevacizumab-treated tumor-bearing mice without major adverse effects. Conclusion: 64Cu-ATSM therapy effectively enhanced anti-tumor effects in tumors with bevacizumab-induced vascular decrease and hypoxia. 64Cu-ATSM therapy could be an additional treatment to antiangiogenic therapy.第12回日本分子イメージング学会学術集