Denying the Crime and Pleading Entrapment: Putting the Federal Law in Order

The federal law of procedure in entrapment cases is in profound disarray. Despite four attempts over the past fifty years to clarify the law of pleadings in entrapment cases, the Supreme Court has yet to do so successfully. This Note focuses on these attempts, and analyzes the issue of whether to permit a defendant to plead entrapment while simultaneously denying the crime charged. Part I reviews the historical development of the entrapment defense, the disagreement among the federal circuits with regard to alternative inconsistent defenses, and the arguments commentators have made for and against allowing alternative inconsistent defenses in entrapment cases. Part II illustrates the importance and outcome-determinative nature of this procedural issue through an analysis of the John Z. DeLorean trial. Part III then reviews the theoretical justifications for entrapment-the so-called subjective and objective approaches to entrapment. Finally, Part IV demonstrates that allowing a defendant to plead alternative inconsistent defenses logically follows from both of these theoretical justifications for entrapment

Disease activity states, reasons for discontinuation and adverse events in 1038 Italian children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis treated with etanercept

The advent of biologic medications has increased considerably the potential for treatment benefit in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), with clinical remission being now achievable in a substantial proportion of patients. However, there is a need of data from the real world of clinical practice to evaluate thoroughly the efficacy and safety profile of the biologic agents currently approved

Into the Wild of long non-coding RNAs in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) to explore new prognostic/predictive biomarkers

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Is there any room for PD-1 inhibitors in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy as frontline treatment of extensive-stage small cell lung cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis with indirect comparisons among subgroups and landmark survival analyses

Background: The addition of PD-L1 inhibitors to platinum-based chemotherapy (CT) has newly received United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in extensive stage-small cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC). PD-1 agents similarly improved survival rates, even if not yet supported by international regulatory agencies. The current work aims to assess different efficacy and safety profiles among chemoimmunotherapy plus immuno-oncology (CT+IO) approaches according to different immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) subtypes. Material & Methods: We included in our meta-analysis six first-line randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the association of single-agent ICI with CT versus CT alone in ES-SCLC. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and risk ratios (RRs) for progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rates (ORR), 12-month duration of response rate (DORR), disease control rate (DCR), treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) and discontinuation rates (DRs) were obtained. Moreover, we performed indirect comparisons according to ICI subtypes, also among subgroups and landmark survival analyses. Results: Although no ORR benefit was observed, our results showed how CT+IO significantly improved DORR, resulting in improved PFS and OS with no differences in TRAEs; however, CT+IO led to a significant increase in DR. Interestingly, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) of 1, the use of cisplatin, and the absence of brain metastases seem to be associated with a survival gain using CT+IO in ES-SCLC. Indirect comparisons suggested a slight advantage in favour of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) over anti-CTLA-4 agents in terms of efficacy with no additional safety concerns. No further differences were observed between PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors among subgroups and landmark survival analyses with benefit trends towards anti-PD-1 in terms of DORR and DR. Conclusion: While confirming a survival advantage of CT+IO in selected patients, these results suggested the association of PD-1 inhibitors with CT as a viable option for novel therapeutic approaches in the frontline management of ES-SCLC. Further trials evaluating anti-CTLA-4 agents should be carefully studied in biomarker-selected patients

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in nonapneic asthma: A clinical review of current evidence

© 2020 by Turkish Thoracic Society-. The use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in asthma has been a point of debate over the past several years. Various studies, including those on animals and humans have attempted to understand the role and pathophysiology of CPAP in patients with either well controlled or poorly controlled asthma. The aim of this manuscript is to review the currently available literature on the physiologic and clinical effects of CPAP in animal models of asthma and on humans with stable asthma