Dialect lexicography and the standard language ― words for snow and suburban Tokyo dialect ―

Este artículo trata sobre glosarios dialectales de localidades cercanas a Tokio, los cuales tienen una estrecha relación con diccionarios de la lengua estándar. El léxico de un dialecto es digno de estudio por sí mismo, pero si se investiga en un contexto más amplio, aportará resultados más fructíferos. La contribución de la lexicografía dialectal se puede dividir en cuatro categorías: (1) el léxico como índice de cultura, (2) el léxico para estudios contrastivos, (3) el léxico y el estilo, (4) el léxico en relación dinámica con la lengua estándar. Estos cuatro aproximaciones se discutirán en las secciones 1 a 4 de este artículo. El orden es desde la descripción más simple de palabras individuales a complicados análisis contrastivo e histórico del vocabulario en su conjunto. La tentativa en este estudio se basa en datos del japonés, pero la metodología y los procedimientos técnicos se pueden aplicar a muchas otras lenguas. La relación entre dialectos y estándar puede ser estudiado próximo una gran base teórica sobre la tipología sociolingüística de las lenguas estándar.This paper is concerned with dialect glossaries of locations near Tokyo which have close relationships with standard language dictionaries. The lexicon of a dialect is worth studying in its own right; however if it is investigated in a wider context, it will bring more fruitful results. The contribution of dialect lexicography can be divided into four categories: (1) Lexicon as an index of culture, (2) Lexicon for contrastive study (3) Lexicon and style (4) Lexicon in dynamic relation to standard language. These four approaches will be discussed in sections 1 to 4 in this paper. The order is from simpler description of individual words to complicated contrastive and historical analysis of vocabulary as a whole. The attempt in this paper is based on Japanese language data, but the methodology and technical terms can be applied to many languages. The relationship between dialects and standard can be studied against a larger theoretical background of sociolinguistic typology of standard languages

Geographical distance center and multivariate analysis of the standard japanese

In this paper a new technique for representing dialectal differences will be introduced. A kind of simplification will be attempted to represent the distribution patterns of the lexical items of standard Japanese. In order to simplify the geographical distribution patterns, railway distance center graph is utilized. In this technique geographical locations are plotted on a one-dimensional line from a cultural center. The shift of the main cultural center of Japan from the west to the east is reflected in the graphs obtained from factor analysis and cluster analysis, and in the geographical distribution patterns of the standard Japanese words making use of the railway distance. The process of dissemination has been concisely summarized by the railway distance center graph. Multivariate analysis allows us to grasp an overall picture of the relationship between dialectal distribution and the historical background of words. After applying multivariate techniques the results can be represented by more concise and simplified numerical techniques

S-shaped Curve of Phonological Standardization – Six Surveys in the Tsuruoka and Yamazoe Areas

This paper is concerned with the speed of linguistic change. If social variation is a reflection of linguistic change, the scene of the linguistic change can be caught in action as a palpable phenomenon. However there is one theoretical question, the distinction of “real time” and “apparent time”. In order to observe linguistic change repeated surveying is necessary. The tradition of Japanese dialectology provides us with several examples of repetitive surveys. The conclusion of the analysis is as follows. The curve of apparent-time change corresponds to that of real-time change. The total number of years necessary for a linguistic change to be completed is nearly 200 years.Prispevek obravnava hitrost jezikovnih sprememb. Jezikovne spremembe zaznamo kot otipljiv družbeni pojav, vendar se pri tem pojavlja teoretično vprašanje razlikovanja med realnim oz. dejanskim in navideznim časom. Opazovanje jezikovnih sprememb zahteva večkratno ponovitev raziskave, prav japonska dialektologija pa se s tem še posebno natančno ukvarja – pri tem krivulja navideznega časa ustreza krivulji realnega časa, in sicer je za jezikovno spremembo potrebnih skoraj dvesto let

Mejoras en el estatus sociolingüístico de los dialectos observados a través de los paisajes lingüísticos — uso de google maps y google insights —

The sociolinguistic status of Japanese dialects will be discussed on the basis of linguistic landscape in this paper. A steady increase in dialect shop names over the past fourteen years was concretely ascertained in a southern island on the basis of tour guide books. This increase in dialect shop names is observed also in other areas of Japan. The fieldworks are examples of “insect’s eye view” research. The geographical distribution of dialect shop names can be shown also on distribution maps of Google maps. These maps give us a “bird’s eye view”. It has been ascertained that Japanese dialect forms are utilized both domestically and abroad. Many more examples are observable using Google street view as “fly’s eye view”, and Google insights as “witch’s eye view”. The background of dialect landscape can be explained partly by the progress of language standardization, or decline of dialects. Dialects are now economically utilized because of their scarcity value. Three sociolinguistic types can be distinguished historically: ERADICATION, DESCRIPTION and UTILIZATION. Now Japanese dialects are in the state of UTILIZATION. Dialect landscape is a reflection of language standardization, and is regarded as a sensor of standardization. On the basis of the Linguistic Atlas of Japan, three historical stages of standardization can be distinguished: first, language standardization from the former capital Kyoto, and secondly from the new capital Tokyo, and thirdly nationwide standardization among junior high school students. In the meantime, new dialect forms, which are changes in the opposite direction from standardization, are still emerging in various areas in Japan. These historical movements of standardization and new dialect formation can be concisely shown by the “umbrella model”. From pragmatic surveys of dialect landscape, it has been found that principles of economics work on dialect use. Thus, the econolinguistics of dialect will be a fruitful study field in the future.En este artículo se discute el estatus sociolingüístico de los dialectos japoneses basándose en el paisaje lingüístico. En los últimos catorce años, se ha comprobado en las guías de viaje el aumento constante del dialecto en los nombres de tiendas, concretamente en una isla del sur. Este incremento se observa también en otras áreas del Japón. El trabajo de campo descansa en ejemplos basados en una investigación realizada “a vista de insecto”. La distribución geográfica de los nombres dialectales de tiendas se puede mostrar también mediante los mapas de Google maps. Estos mapas ofrecen un panorama “a vista de pájaro”. Se ha comprobado que las formas japonesas dialectales se utilizan tanto en el país como en el extranjero. A través de Google street view pueden observarse muchos más ejemplos “a vista de mosca”, y a través de Google insights, “a vista de bruja”. El fondo del paisaje dialectal puede explicarse en parte por el avance de la estandarización lingüística, o por la disminución de los dialectos. Los dialectos son ahora utilizados económicamente debido a su escaso valor. Históricamente, pueden distinguirse tres tipos sociolingüísticos: la ERRADICACIÓN, la DESCRIPCIÓN y la UTILIZACIÓN. Ahora los dialectos japoneses se encuentran en el estado de UTILIZACIÓN. El paisaje dialectal es un reflejo de la estandarización lingüística, y se considerado como un sensor de la estandarización. A partir del Atlas Lingüístico del Japón, pueden distinguirse tres etapas históricas en la estandarización: en primer lugar, la normalización desde Kyoto, la antigua capital; en segundo lugar, desde la nueva capital, Tokio; y, en tercer lugar, la normalización a nivel nacional entre los estudiantes de las escuelas secundarias. Mientras, nuevas formas dialectales, que consisten en cambios en dirección opuesta a la estandarización, siguen surgiendo en distintas zonas del Japón. Estos movimientos históricos de la estandarización y la formación de nuevos dialectos puede mostrarse de forma concisa a través del “modelo del paraguas” (umbrella model). A partir de encuestas pragmáticas sobre el paisaje dialectal, se ha comprobado la incidencia de los principios de la economía en el uso dialectal. Por lo tanto, la ‘econolingüística’ el dialecto se convertirá en un campo de estudio fructífero en el futuro

The Relation Between Firm Growth and Q with Multiple Capital Goods: Theory and Evidence from Panel Data on Japanese Firms

We derive from a model of investment with multiple capital goods a one-to-one relation between the growth rate of the capital aggregate and the stock market-based Q. We estimate the growth-Q relation using a panel of Japanese manufacturing firms taking into account the endogeneity of Q. Identification is achieved by combining the theoretical structure of the Q model and an assumed serial correlation structure of the technology shock which is the error term in the growth-Q equation. For early years of our sample. cash flow has significant explanatory power over and above Q. The significance of cash flow disappears for more recent years for the heavy industry when Japanese capital markets was liberalized. The estimated Q coefficient implies that the adjustment cost is less than a half of gross profits net of the adjustment cost.

The relationship of firm growth and Q with multiple capital goods: theory and evidence from panel data on Japanese firms

We develop a Q model of investment with multiple capital goods that delivers a one-to-one relation between the growth rate of the capital aggregate and the stock market-based Q. We estimate the growth-Q relation using a panel of over six hundred Japanese manufacturing firms taking into account the endogeneity of Q. Identification is achieved by combining the theoretical structure of the Q model and an assumed serial correlation structure of the technology shock that comprises the error term in the growth-Q relation. The Q variable is significantly related to firm growth. Much, but not all, of the apparent explanatory power of cash flow disappears if its endogeneity is corrected for. The estimated Q coefficient is not implausibly small if the growth rate of the capital aggregate contains measurement error.Japan ; Business enterprises - Japan

A liquid-helium cooled large-area silicon PIN photodiode x-ray detector

An x-ray detector using a liquid-helium cooled large-area silicon PIN photodiode has been developed along with a tailor-made charge sensitive preamplifier whose first-stage JFET has been cooled. The operating temperature of the JFET has been varied separately and optimized. The x- and $\gamma$-ray energy spectra for an \nuc{241}{Am} source have been measured with the photodiode operated at 13 K. An energy resolution of 1.60 keV (FWHM) has been obtained for 60-keV $\gamma$ rays and 1.30 keV (FWHM) for the pulser. The energy threshold could be set as low as 3 keV. It has been shown that a silicon PIN photodiode serves as a low-cost excellent x-ray detector which covers large area at 13 K.Comment: 6 pages, and 3 figures, Elsevier macros elsart.sty and elsart12.sty are neede

Effects of Alloying Element Balance and Micro-Alloying Elements on Magnetic Properties and Hot Ductility of PC Permalloy

The present study focused on improving the hot ductility and magnetic properties of PC Permalloy. An alloy with a chemical composition of 78.5 mass%Ni-4.3 mass%Mo-2.2 mass%Cu-0.47 mass%Mn-Fe exhibits the optimum permeability, with m0.005 of 411,200 and mm of 437,400. The P-value of the alloy was 3.43. Addition of Boron caused undesirable deterioration of magnetic properties, while the effects of Magnesium and Calcium on magnetic properties were small. Mill trials using a 50-ton electric furnace revealed that PC Permalloy with a composition of 78.6 mass%Ni-4.2 mass%Mo-2.1 mass%Cu-0.57 mass%Mn-14 ppmCa-4 ppmS-Fe exhibits extremely high permeability (i.e., m0.005, 233,000 to 499,000; mm, 368,000 to 568,000). High-permeability alloy sheets were obtained by controlling the P-value in the range of 3.45 to 3.49. The hot ductility of the alloy was markedly improved, and ingots and slabs were hot rolled without any corner cracks

Market value of languages in Japan

東京外国語大学Tokyo University of Foreign Studiesこの論文では,言語の市場価値を計最する手段を,日本語を例にして論じる。言語は現実に世界で売買されており,言語の市場価値を計算することができる。言語が市場価値を持つ適例は,「言語産業」に見られる。辞書・入門書・教科書などの出版物や,会話学校が手がかりになる。また多言語表示も,手がかりになる。戦後の日本語の市場価値上昇の説明に,日本の経済力(国民総生産)発展が指摘されるが,いい相関をみせない。外国の側の条件が,むしろ重要である。多言語活動の隆盛,実用外国語教育の成長,高等教育の普及である。言語の市場価値の基本的メカニズムに関する理論的問題をも論じる。言語の市場価値は特異な性質があって,希少商品とは別の形で決定される。ただ,言語はもう一つ重要な性質を持つ。市場価値の反映たる知的価値以外に,情的価値を持つ。かつ相対的情的価値は知的価値と反比例する。世界の諸言語には格差があり,そこに経済原則が貫徹するように見える。しかし一方で,言語の感情的・情的側面を見逃してはならない。In this paper, an attempt at estimating market value of languages in the case of Japan will be discussed. Languages are actually bought and sold in the world, and the market values of languages can be calculated. The fact that languages have market values is shown in the "language industry". The publication of books is a good key to measure the market values of languages, especially dictionaries and language texts. Language school is another example of language industry. Usage patterns of multilingual signs are also observed in Tokyo. The growth of economy (GNP) is often used as a measure of growth of market value of the Japanese language. However, only a slight correlation is found between them. Three additional foreign cultural factors should be taken into consideration; (1) the growth of multilingual activities, (2) the growth of practical language education and (3) the growth of higher education in foreign countries. Several theoretical problems connected with the basic mechanism of the market value of languages will be discussed. The market value of languages has a peculiar characteristic. The values are decided in a different way from rare goods. We should not forget that language has another important characteristic. Language values can be subdivided into (1) intellectual factor which is determined by the market value and (2) emotional factor. The relative emotional value of a language is inversely correlated with intellectual factors. There are differential scales among the world languages, and economic principles seem to prevail among them. The Japanese language presents a typical case of shift of market value in the global language market. Still we should not overlook the emotional or pathetic side of language