The 1959 Iowa corn yield test

This bulletin is the report of the fortieth annual Iowa Corn Yield Test. Similar tests have been conducted each year since 1920. The purpose of the Iowa Corn Yield Test is to compare the performances of corn hybrids being grown in Iowa and to make this information available to Iowa farm operators. The presentation of this report does not imply approval or endorsement of the hybrids tested by any of the cooperating agencies

The 1961 Iowa corn yield test

This publication reports the results of the forty-second annual Iowa Com Yield Test and lists comparative data for many of the com hybrids being sold in Iowa. The presentation of the data does not imply approval or endorsement of any of the hybrids tested by the authors or by the agencies sponsoring or conducting the testing. The state was divided into 12 districts, and two test fields were planted in each district as shown on the map (fig. 1) l In addition, two maturity fields were planted at Ankeny and Kanawha m 1960 and 1961 Table A lists the name and address of each cooperator in 1961 and also the planting and harvesting dates for each field for the past 4 years. Entries were limited to those entered by producers of seed, by the Iowa Crop Improvement Association, and to those entered jointly by the Department of Agronomy and the United States Department of Agriculture. Seed for testing was obtained by representatives of the Iowa Crop Improvement Association from supplies of seed to be sold. Each sample for testing was taken from several bags and, often, from seed sources at more than one location

Genetic determinants of risk in pulmonary arterial hypertension: international genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis

Background Rare genetic variants cause pulmonary arterial hypertension, but the contribution of common genetic variation to disease risk and natural history is poorly characterised. We tested for genome-wide association for pulmonary arterial hypertension in large international cohorts and assessed the contribution of associated regions to outcomes. Methods We did two separate genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and a meta-analysis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. These GWAS used data from four international case-control studies across 11744 individuals with European ancestry (including 2085 patients). One GWAS used genotypes from 5895 whole-genome sequences and the other GWAS used genotyping array data from an additional 5849 individuals. Cross-validation of loci reaching genome-wide significance was sought by meta-analysis. Conditional analysis corrected for the most significant variants at each locus was used to resolve signals for multiple associations. We functionally annotated associated variants and tested associations with duration of survival. All-cause mortality was the primary endpoint in survival analyses. Findings A locus near SOX17 (rs10103692, odds ratio 1·80 [95% CI 1·55–2·08], p=5·13×10– ¹⁵) and a second locus in HLA-DPA1 and HLA-DPB1 (collectively referred to as HLA-DPA1/DPB1 here; rs2856830, 1·56 [1·42–1·71], p=7·65×10– ²⁰) within the class II MHC region were associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The SOX17 locus had two independent signals associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (rs13266183, 1·36 [1·25–1·48], p=1·69×10– ¹²; and rs10103692). Functional and epigenomic data indicate that the risk variants near SOX17 alter gene regulation via an enhancer active in endothelial cells. Pulmonary arterial hypertension risk variants determined haplotype-specific enhancer activity, and CRISPR-mediated inhibition of the enhancer reduced SOX17 expression. The HLA-DPA1/DPB1 rs2856830 genotype was strongly associated with survival. Median survival from diagnosis in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension with the C/C homozygous genotype was double (13·50 years [95% CI 12·07 to >13·50]) that of those with the T/T genotype (6·97 years [6·02–8·05]), despite similar baseline disease severity. Interpretation This is the first study to report that common genetic variation at loci in an enhancer near SOX17 and in HLA-DPA1/DPB1 is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Impairment of SOX17 function might be more common in pulmonary arterial hypertension than suggested by rare mutations in SOX17. Further studies are needed to confirm the association between HLA typing or rs2856830 genotyping and survival, and to determine whether HLA typing or rs2856830 genotyping improves risk stratification in clinical practice or trials. Funding UK NIHR, BHF, UK MRC, Dinosaur Trust, NIH/NHLBI, ERS, EMBO, Wellcome Trust, EU, AHA, ACClinPharm, Netherlands CVRI, Dutch Heart Foundation, Dutch Federation of UMC, Netherlands OHRD and RNAS, German DFG, German BMBF, APH Paris, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, and French ANR

The 1961 Iowa corn yield test

This publication reports the results of the forty-second annual Iowa Com Yield Test and lists comparative data for many of the com hybrids being sold in Iowa. The presentation of the data does not imply approval or endorsement of any of the hybrids tested by the authors or by the agencies sponsoring or conducting the testing. The state was divided into 12 districts, and two test fields were planted in each district as shown on the map (fig. 1) l In addition, two maturity fields were planted at Ankeny and Kanawha m 1960 and 1961 Table A lists the name and address of each cooperator in 1961 and also the planting and harvesting dates for each field for the past 4 years. Entries were limited to those entered by producers of seed, by the Iowa Crop Improvement Association, and to those entered jointly by the Department of Agronomy and the United States Department of Agriculture. Seed for testing was obtained by representatives of the Iowa Crop Improvement Association from supplies of seed to be sold. Each sample for testing was taken from several bags and, often, from seed sources at more than one location.</p

The 1962 Iowa corn yield test

The Iowa Com Yield Test, conducted since 1920, is an aid to Iowa farmers in selecting corn hybrids adapted to their farms. The order of listing the hybrids has been changed from preceding years. Ranking is according to maturity, with the driest hybrid placed first and followed by other hybrids in order of the increasing moisture content of the com at harvest. The reader will need to keep this in mind when using this publication. The presentation of data does not imply approval or endorsement of any of the hybrids tested, by the authors or by the agencies sponsoring or conducting the test. The state was divided into 12 districts, and two test fields were planted in each district as shown on the map (fig. 1). In addition, two maturity fields were planted at Ankeny and Kanawha. Table A lists the name and address of each cooperator on whose land a test field was planted in 1962 and also the planting and harvesting dates for each field for the past 4 years. Field 3B planted at Postville was severely damaged by hail and was not harvested. The data shown for district 3B are for the period 1958 through 1961.</p

The 1960 Iowa corn yield test

Tests to compare sources of com seed grown by Iowa farmers have been conducted in Iowa since 1920. In 1960, 351 corn hybrids were tested. The presentation of the data obtained, however, does not imply approval or endorsement of any of the hybrids tested by the authors or by the agencies sponsoring and conducting the 1960 testing. The state was divided into 12 districts, and two test fields were planted in each district as shown on the map (fig. 1). Table A lists the name and address of each cooperator in 1960 and also the planting and harvesting dates for each field for the past 4 years. Each hybrid was entered by districts. In district 3, separate entries were made in subdistricts 3A and 3B. A total of 44 different individuals or companies made application for entry of hybrids to be tested in the 1960 test.</p

Increasing the distance between the snRNA promoter and the 3' box decreases the efficiency of snRNA 3'-end formation.

Chimeric genes which contained the mouse U1b snRNA promoter, portions of the histone H2a or globin coding regions and the U1b 3'-end followed by a histone 3'-end were constructed. The distance between the U1 promoter and the U1 3' box was varied between 146 and 670 nt. The chimeric genes were introduced into CHO cells by stable transfection or into Xenopus oocytes by microinjection. The efficiency of utilization of the U1 3' box, as measured by the relative amounts of transcripts that ended at the U1 3' box and the histone 3'-end, was dependent on the distance between the promoter and 3'-end box. U1 3'-ends were formed with >90% efficiency on transcripts shorter than 200 nt, with 50-70% efficiency on transcripts of 280-400 nt and with only 10-20% efficiency on transcripts >500 nt. Essentially identical results were obtained after stable transfection of CHO cells or after injecting the genes into Xenopus oocytes. The distance between the U1 promoter and the U1 3' box must be <280 nt for efficient transcription termination at the U1 3' box, regardless of the sequence transcribed

Coiled Bodies Preferentially Associate with U4, U11, and U12 Small Nuclear RNA Genes in Interphase HeLa Cells but Not with U6 and U7 Genes

Coiled bodies (CBs) are nuclear organelles involved in the metabolism of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and histone messages. Their structural morphology and molecular composition have been conserved from plants to animals. CBs preferentially and specifically associate with genes that encode U1, U2, and U3 snRNAs as well as the cell cycle–regulated histone loci. A common link among these previously identified CB-associated genes is that they are either clustered or tandemly repeated in the human genome. In an effort to identify additional loci that associate with CBs, we have isolated and mapped the chromosomal locations of genomic clones corresponding to bona fide U4, U6, U7, U11, and U12 snRNA loci. Unlike the clustered U1 and U2 genes, each of these loci encode a single gene, with the exception of the U4 clone, which contains two genes. We next examined the association of these snRNA genes with CBs and found that they colocalized less frequently than their multicopy counterparts. To differentiate a lower level of preferential association from random colocalization, we developed a theoretical model of random colocalization, which yielded expected values for χ(2) tests against the experimental data. Certain single-copy snRNA genes (U4, U11, and U12) but not controls were found to significantly (p < 0.000001) associate with CBs. Recent evidence indicates that the interactions between CBs and genes are mediated by nascent transcripts. Taken together, these new results suggest that CB association may be substantially augmented by the increased transcriptional capacity of clustered genes. Possible functional roles for the observed interactions of CBs with snRNA genes are discussed