The Resuspension of Flocculent Solids in Sedimentation Basins

The phenomenon of resuspension has been considered to be an important factor in the imperfect behavior of sedimentation basins receiving suspensions containing flocculent solids. Resuspension is the entrainment into the flow of particles that have once settled to the floor of the basin. This investigation has been undertaken to study the resuspension phenomenon and to find ways in which its harmful effects can be reduced. Resuspension has been found extremely difficult to isolate and define scientifically because many other factors produce the same overall effect upon the settling tank. Furthermore it is practically necessary to identify individual particles in order to know whether a particular one found in suspension in the downstream portion of a settling tank had earlier been settled out and resting on the floor. Laboratory studies on settling tank behavior were conducted on a glass-walled "scour flume" 1.27 ft wide by 14 ft long with depth adjustable from 0.5 to 2.0 ft (see Fig. 1.1). In order to simulate certain aspects of the behavior of full-scale settling tanks the laboratory flume was fitted with moving flight scrapers similar to those installed in primary sewage settling tanks. For some of the later tests the flume was fitted with 14 probes that made it possible to sample the tank contents at practically any point of five cross sections along the length of the flume. Most of the studies on the laboratory flume utilized a discrete suspension of gilsonite {s. g. 1.04) particles or a flocculent suspension of ferric chloride and bentonite clay particles. Tests for critical velocity required for entrainment of particles from a smooth bed showed that fine light particles are more easily lifted from the bed than was previously supposed. With scrapers moving upstream, the critical velocity for two sizes of gilsonite tested was found to vary between 10.5 and 14.5 times the particle settling velocity. Field and laboratory studies on one scheme proposed to improve the performance of settling tanks - a series of transverse sloping baffles installed throughout the main body of a rectangular settling tank - both indicate that baffling a tank is not the answer. Tests on full-scale settling tanks of a sewage treatment plant showed that conventional measures of settling tank performance are meaningless when the suspension entering the tank is flocculent (as is sewage). Newer measures of performance are proposed, which show promise in evaluating the behavior of settling tanks receiving flocculent suspensions

Predicting Response to Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Immunotherapy: Are We There Yet? A Systematic Review.

International audienceBacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is currently the most effective intravesical therapy for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, reducing not only recurrence rates but also preventing progression and reducing deaths. However, response rates to BCG vary widely and are dependent on a multitude of factors

Cassini Imaging Science: Instrument Characteristics And Anticipated Scientific Investigations At Saturn

The Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS) is the highest-resolution two-dimensional imaging device on the Cassini Orbiter and has been designed for investigations of the bodies and phenomena found within the Saturnian planetary system. It consists of two framing cameras: a narrow angle, reflecting telescope with a 2-m focal length and a square field of view (FOV) 0.35∘ across, and a wide-angle refractor with a 0.2-m focal length and a FOV 3.5∘ across. At the heart of each camera is a charged coupled device (CCD) detector consisting of a 1024 square array of pixels, each 12 μ on a side. The data system allows many options for data collection, including choices for on-chip summing, rapid imaging and data compression. Each camera is outfitted with a large number of spectral filters which, taken together, span the electromagnetic spectrum from 200 to 1100 nm. These were chosen to address a multitude of Saturn-system scientific objectives: sounding the three-dimensional cloud structure and meteorology of the Saturn and Titan atmospheres, capturing lightning on both bodies, imaging the surfaces of Saturn’s many icy satellites, determining the structure of its enormous ring system, searching for previously undiscovered Saturnian moons (within and exterior to the rings), peering through the hazy Titan atmosphere to its yet-unexplored surface, and in general searching for temporal variability throughout the system on a variety of time scales. The ISS is also the optical navigation instrument for the Cassini mission. We describe here the capabilities and characteristics of the Cassini ISS, determined from both ground calibration data and in-flight data taken during cruise, and the Saturn-system investigations that will be conducted with it. At the time of writing, Cassini is approaching Saturn and the images returned to Earth thus far are both breathtaking and promising

Granular flows at recurring slope lineae on Mars indicate a limited role for liquid water

Recent liquid water flow on Mars has been proposed based on geomorphological features, such as gullies. Recurring slope lineae — seasonal flows that are darker than their surroundings — are candidate locations for seeping liquid water on Mars today, but their formation mechanism remains unclear. Topographical analysis shows that the terminal slopes of recurring slope lineae match the stopping angle for granular flows of cohesionless sand in active Martian aeolian dunes. In Eos Chasma, linea lengths vary widely and are longer where there are more extensive angle-of-repose slopes, inconsistent with models for water sources. These observations suggest that recurring slope lineae are granular flows. The preference for warm seasons and the detection of hydrated salts are consistent with some role for water in their initiation. However, liquid water volumes may be small or zero, alleviating planetary protection concerns about habitable environments