Dark neutrino interactions make gravitational waves blue

New interactions of neutrinos can stop them from free streaming in the early Universe even after the weak decoupling epoch. This results in the enhancement of the primordial gravitational wave amplitude on small scales compared to the standard $\Lambda$CDM prediction. In this paper we calculate the effect of dark matter neutrino interactions in CMB tensor $B$-modes spectrum. We show that the effect of new neutrino interactions generates a scale or $\ell$ dependent imprint in the CMB $B$-modes power spectrum at $\ell \gtrsim 100$. In the event that primordial $B$-modes are detected by future experiments, a departure from scale invariance, with a blue spectrum, may not necessarily mean failure of simple inflationary models but instead may be a sign of non-standard interactions of relativistic particles. New interactions of neutrinos also induce a phase shift in the CMB B-mode power spectrum which cannot be mimicked by simple modifications of the primordial tensor power spectrum. There is rich information hidden in the CMB $B$-modes spectrum beyond just the tensor to scalar ratio.Comment: 31 pages, 10 figures. Version published in Phys. Rev.

TMM@: a web application for the analysis of transmembrane helix mobility-0

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "TMM@: a web application for the analysis of transmembrane helix mobility"</p><p>http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2105/8/232</p><p>BMC Bioinformatics 2007;8():232-232.</p><p>Published online 2 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1949839.</p><p></p>cium pump around their own axis

Number of identical clusters as a function of the minimum length threshold

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Masking repeats while clustering ESTs"</p><p>Nucleic Acids Research 2005;33(7):2176-2180.</p><p>Published online 14 Apr 2005</p><p>PMCID:PMC1079970.</p><p>© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved</p

Number of identical clusters as a function of the minimum gap size parameter

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Masking repeats while clustering ESTs"</p><p>Nucleic Acids Research 2005;33(7):2176-2180.</p><p>Published online 14 Apr 2005</p><p>PMCID:PMC1079970.</p><p>© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved</p

Number of identical clusters as a function of minimum match number and multiplier

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Masking repeats while clustering ESTs"</p><p>Nucleic Acids Research 2005;33(7):2176-2180.</p><p>Published online 14 Apr 2005</p><p>PMCID:PMC1079970.</p><p>© The Author 2005. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved</p

Sample processing including technical replication of DNA extraction and amplicon library preparation.

<p>Sample processing including technical replication of DNA extraction and amplicon library preparation.</p

Effect of pooled extraction replicate number on silhouette score.

<p>Mean silhouette scores were calculated based on repeated random selection of replicates to pool and sub-sampling of OTUs to a total sequence depth of 15,000 reads per sample (divided equally between selected replicates). Filtering to protist or metazoan OTUs was carried out after sub-sampling. Error bars represent bootstrapped standard errors.</p

Effect of pooled extraction replicate number on OTU richness and Shannon diversity.

<p>Mean diversity estimates based on repeated (i = 100) random selection of replicates to pool followed by random sub-sampling of OTUs to a total sequence depth of 15,000 reads per sample (divided equally between selected replicates). Filtering to protist or metazoan OTUs was carried out after sub-sampling. Error bars represent the standard error of values from the bootstrapping procedure described above.</p

Rarefaction comparing expected OTU richness of pooled samples (grey lines) and individual replicates (black lines).

<p>Only replicates with more than 15,000 reads were included from the samples Fine Sand (A; n = 5), Coarse Sand (B; n = 7) and Clay (C, n = 5). Panel D shows expected richness in pooled samples compared to mean expected replicate richness. Error bars represent standard error, for pooled samples calculated as described in Heck et al [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0179443#pone.0179443.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>].</p

Expected OTU richness as a function of sequence depth (rarefaction).

<p><i>In silico</i> pooled replicates are shown as dashed lines and individual extraction replicates as solid lines. In panel A richness up to the maximum read number for pooled replicates and in B the same rarefaction curves up to maximum read number for individual replicates. Error bars (in B) represent standard error, for pooled samples calculated as described in Heck et al [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0179443#pone.0179443.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>].</p