Micro-propagation of Aquatic Plant Brazilian Micro Sword (Lileaopsis brasiliensis)

Lileaopsis brasiliensis is one of the ornamental aquatic plants and yet still being commercialized in Malaysia because of the grassy foreground features. This study is conducted to propagate higher quantity and quality of L. brasiliensis and to determine the optimum concentration of plant growth regulator for the micro-propagation in Murashige and Skoog (MS) (1962) basal media with different concentration of Naphteneacetic acid (NAA) and 6- Benzylaminopurine (BAP) for four weeks period following with subculture procedure. All treatments for 1 L MS media were adjusted to pH 5.7-5.8, adding sucrose and pytagel with 30 g/L and 2.5 g/L, respectively. The explants were sub-cultured at least three times within five months. The results of the quality and quantity of this species within different concentration of NAA and BAP have been determined. For shoot regeneration, the highest number of shoot induced in initial culture (C0), first (C1), second (C2) and the third subculture (C3) were 103, 102, 104 and 137 respectively. There was no significant different of shoot regeneration in different concentration of NAA and BAP combination. However, the high number of shoot regeneration was obtained from the following concentration NAA: BAP: zero concentration in both C0 (103.0±5.3) and C2 (104.0±14.2), 1.5: 0.0 mg/L with 102.0±4.4 and1.5:0.5 mg/L with 137.0±41.2 in C1 and C3, respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that shoot regeneration was observed even though in very low concentration of NAA and BAP. Keywords: Aquatic plants, lilaeopsis brasiliensis, micro-propagation, plant growth regulator

Skeletal Deformities in Cultured Juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Skeletal deformities in cultured fish are known worldwide and it had affected the survival, growth and appearance of the fish which contribute to production loss. Clarias gariepinus is known as number one farmed fish in Malaysia. C. gariepinus also effected in these deformities especially in cultured species. The objectives of this study are to identify the skeletal deformities that occur in juvenile stages and to compare the bone structure between the normal and deformed fish. A total of 50 juveniles’ fish were collected from Aquaculture Extension and Community Centre Machang, Kelantan. The juvenile was measured before undergo staining process. The fish were starved for one day then fixed in 70% ethanol for two weeks. The fish were then stained with alizarin red S for cartilage and Alcian blue for bone. The specimens were photographed in order to observe the deformities. The data showed only 13.0% juveniles have skeletal deformities, 10.9% with lordosis and 2.2% scoliosis. The cause of the deformities may be due to the heterogenous growth but other factors might also contribute to the problem. As the conclusion, the skeletal deformities observed in juvenile C. gariepinus were detected with the whole-mount staining method ranged from size 7.3 and 26.0 cm in total length. This study shows there is heterogenous growth rearing at low percentage even from skilled farm. Further study should concentrate on hidden factors that affected the deformity rate and mineralization of the juvenile fish

In Vitro Micropropagation of Aquarium Plants Pearl Grass Hemianthus micranthemoides (Nuttall) and Micro Sword Grass Lilaeopsis brasiliensis (Glaziou) Affolter (Apiaceae)

Hemianthus micranthemoides and Lileaopsis brasiliensis are nowadays sold in the form of tissue culture production by aquaria and ornamental trade in Malaysia. However, there is no to limited report about in vitro micropropagation of both aquarium plants. In this study, an experimental procedure for micropropagation of both plants was documented. The propagation were done in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with eight combination of different concentration of 6-Benzylaminopurine with Naphteneacetic acid (BAP-NAA) and 1-phenyl-3-1,2,3- thiadizol-5-yl urea with Naphteneacetic acid (TDZ-NAA) following the rooting technique for 42 days. All treatments for 1 L MS medium were regulated to pH 5.7 to 5.8 and added with sucrose (30 g/L) and phytagel (2.5 g/L). All combination treatments had induced rooting. There was a significance different in the shoot regeneration of H. micranthemoides in all treatment (95% confidence level, F = 13.907, n = 240, p = 0.000), on the contrary there was no different were observed in shoot regeneration of L. brasiliensis treatment. Overall, all treatment of TDZ- NAA were significantly higher in the shoot regeneration than those in BAP-NAA treatment. Particularly the T7 (TDZ-NAA, 0.075: 0.1 mg/L) given highest result in diameter (1.626±0.213 cm) and area (1.724±0.308 cm2) of shoot clumps in H. micranthemoides, and formation of shoots (51.5±4.95), nodes (20.0±2.83) and roots (45.5±13.4) in L. brasiliensis. Hardening of in vitro cultured plantlets was done in aquatic laboratory. All of the plants survived and transferred into aquarium. This study has provided beneficial information in further micropropagation protocol for the mass production of both aquarium plants.   Keywords: Aquarium plants, Hemianthus micranthemoides, Lilaeopsis brasiliensis, Micropropagatio

Crustacean shell waste as a potential feed material

Crustacean wastes are waste products collected from marine industry. This review includes fundamental studies of crustacean waste such as protein, carotenoid and lipid including chitin and natural pigment named astaxanthin. Crude protein in crustacean shells like shrimp shell at 27.23%, crab shell (25.98%) and lobster shell (23.24%) are indicators that crustacean waste can be further developed as essential support feed in industries. Astaxanthin from carotenoid group is the most important property of crustacean waste that can provide red colour pigment besides acts as precursor for mechanism of vitamin. Astaxanthin is a natural source that can provide secondary protein source to livestock and fish as it can replace synthetic colour used today with natural pigment colour for ornamental fish that provides fancy skin colors that could increase market value. Extracts from crustacean waste too could provide benefits to pharmaceuticals industry such as source for cosmetics and health supplement. Astaxanthin in crustacean waste is also an immune system booster that contains high antioxidant. Natural astaxanthin extracts too has potential as an alternative colour source that could replace synthetic colors in feeds for ornamental fish

マーブルゴビーOxyeleotris marmoratus種苗生産における初期生残率向上に関する研究

Marble goby Oxyeleotris marmoratus, widely distributed in Southeast Asia and is one of most expensive freshwater fishes in the region. Owning to its taste, firm and white flesh and high protein value, marble goby being considered a first grade fish especially in Chinese restaurant and big cities such as Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and Hong Kong. Government in Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia encourage the seed production of marble goby since 1970\u27s. However, wild resource has decreased due to overfishing for the last 40 years and fish farmer require a steady fish seed supply To protect the wild resource and fulfill the demands, artificial seed production technique has been developed. Several studies on larviculture in this species had been conducted in FW, but Senoo et al(2008) reported that the rearing with 10 psu SW is indispensable for the larval survival for the first 10 days on marble goby in the State of Sabah, Malaysia. Yet, there is limited information concerning the effect of salinity on egg development, hatching and larval survival in marble goby. Little is known about the biological and ecological requirements for early life stage of this species. An essential step in the successful larviculture is to understand the optimal environmental conditions for egg incubation and larval rearing. Therefore, a series of experiments were carried out to determine the optimum salinity and temperature for eggs and larval survival of marble goby

Efficacy of dietary engkabang oil (

The use of Shorea macrophylla oil (SMO) as a substitute for fish oil in enhancing the growth performance of Malayan Mahseer (Tor tambroides) has received limited attention. This study aimed to evaluate the proximate composition fatty acid profiles of SMO and assess its impact as an alternative lipid source for replacing fish oil in the diet of Tor tambroides. A 2-month feeding trial was conducted using 75 fingerlings, averaging 17.9±0.1 g in weight, distributed randomly across five triplicated feed treatments. These dietary treatments consisted of 0% SMO (control), 1.25% SMO (T-1.25smo), 2.5% SMO (T-2.5smo), 3.75% SMO (T-3.75smo), and 5% SMO (T-5smo). The fatty acid composition of Shorea macrophylla oil and the proximate composition of the treatment diets were analyzed. Growth indices (BWG, FI, FCR, and SR) were recorded at 10-day intervals. The results indicate that the incorporation of 2.5% SMO led to an 80.89% increase in BWG with the lowest FCR (2.61) and feed intake. This suggests that including 2.5% Shorea macrophylla oil in the diet may positively impact the growth performance of Tor tambroides fingerlings

〈研究成果報告〉平成20年度マーブルゴビィ初期生活史における外部形態. 感覚系・消化系, 行動の変化

publisher[注記]人工種苗グループ, 養殖グルー

〈研究成果報告〉平成20年度マーブルゴビィ初期生活史における外部形態. 感覚系・消化系, 行動の変化

[注記]人工種苗グループ, 養殖グルー

A Review of borneo buah engkabang (

Lipid is an essential source in fish feed production. Vegetable or fruit oil is becoming preferred by many fish feed manufacturers to replace fish oil, which is expensive and scarce. Buah Engkabang (Shorea macrophylla) is well known as the largest genera of the Dipterocarpaceae family and is a popular local fruit collected in tropical forests or nearby rivers in West Kalimantan (Indonesia) and Sarawak (Malaysia). Buah engkabang is seasonal fruit during the dry season, known among the Sarawak locals as a climatic species that ripens between January and March in a favorable environment. This review emphasizes morphology characteristics and phytochemical properties, including fatty acid components. In addition, this review also reviewed the application of engkabang oil in feed production, cooking oil, and other edible products. The high content of saturated fatty acids like palmitic acid, stearic acid, and oleic acids in engkabang product could be essential as the potential omega-six lipid source suitable for freshwater fish like empurau, kelah, and other local fish species found in riverine of Borneo. This eview will provide information on the potential use of buah engkabang as a future lipid source in fish feed production