Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in Indonesian children: A cross-sectional study.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of infection and commonly colonizes the nasopharynx of young children, along with other potentially pathogenic bacteria. The objectives of this study were to estimate the carriage prevalence of S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children in Indonesia, and to examine interactions between these bacterial species. 302 healthy children aged 12-24 months were enrolled in community health centers in the Bandung, Central Lombok, and Padang regions. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and stored according to World Health Organization recommendations, and bacterial species detected by qPCR. Pneumococcal serotyping was conducted by microarray and latex agglutination/Quellung. Overall carriage prevalence was 49.5% for S. pneumoniae, 27.5% for H. influenzae, 42.7% for M. catarrhalis, and 7.3% for S. aureus. Prevalence of M. catarrhalis and S. pneumoniae, as well as pneumococcal serotype distribution, varied by region. Positive associations were observed for S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis (OR 3.07 [95%CI 1.91-4.94]), and H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis (OR 2.34 [95%CI 1.40-3.91]), and a negative association was found between M. catarrhalis and S. aureus (OR 0.06 [95%CI 0.01-0.43]). Densities of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis were positively correlated when two of these species were present. Prior to pneumococcal vaccine introduction, pneumococcal carriage prevalence and serotype distribution varies among children living in different regions of Indonesia. Positive associations in both carriage and density identified among S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis suggest a synergistic relationship among these species with potential clinical implications

Prevalensi dan Faktor-Faktor Risiko Gangguan Pemusatan Perhatian Anak dan Hiperaktivitas di Klinik Tumbuh Kembang RSUP Sanglah Denpasar

Latar belakang. Gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas (GPPH) merupakan gangguan tingkah laku yang paling banyak terjadi pada anak. Angka prevalensi GPPH cukup bervariasi dan terdapat berbagai faktor risiko yang berperan. Deteksi dini sangat diperlukan untuk menegakkan diagnosis sehingga dapat dilakukan intervensi lebih dini. Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalensi, karakteristik demografi dan klinis, serta faktor-faktor risiko GPPH Metode. Penelitian bersifat retrospektif dari catatan medik pasien dengan keluhan mengalami masalah tingkah laku, datang ke klinik Tumbuh Kembang RSUP Sanglah periode 2005-2006. Hasil. Seratus sebelas memenuhi kriteria inklusi, prevalensi GPPH 51 (45,9%) yang terdiri dari 43 (38,7%) laki-laki dan 8 (7,2%) perempuan. Jumlah GPPH tipe kombinasi (A1+A2) 39 (76,5%), GPPH tipe A1 7 (13,7%), dan GPPH tipe A2 5 (9,8%). Anak pertama (PR: 2,88, 95%CI: 1,33-6,24, p=0,007), tidak mempunyai saudara (PR: 2,69, 95%CI: 1,19-6,09, p=0,015) dan ibu tamat Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Atas (SLTA) dan sarjana (p=0,02) berperan pada GPPH. Jenis kelamin (p=0,004), umur (p=0,021), dan berat badan (p=0,007) berbeda bermakna antara berbagai tipe GPPH. Kesimpulan. Faktor urutan kelahiran, jumlah saudara dan pendidikan ibu berperan pada GPPH. Jenis kelamin, umur, dan berat badan berbeda bermakna pada ketiga tipe GPP

Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

Background: Potentially pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus are commonly carried in the nasopharynx of young children. Host and environmental factors have been linked with pathogen carriage, and in many studies rural children have higher carriage rates than their urban counterparts. There are few published data on what factors contribute to increased pathogen density. The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors for nasopharyngeal carriage and density of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, and S. aureus in young children in Indonesia. Methods: Risk factor analysis was done using data on bacterial carriage and participant characteristics from a cross-sectional study that enrolled 302 children aged 12-24 months living in urban or semi-rural areas of Indonesia. Associations between host factors and odds of pathogen carriage were explored using logistic regression. Characteristics identified to be independent predictors of carriage by univariable analysis, as well as those that differed between urban and semi-rural participants, were included in multivariable models. Risk factors for increased pathogen density were identified using linear regression analysis. Results: No differences in carriage prevalence between urban and semi-rural children were observed. Multiple children under the age of 5 years in the household (< 5y) and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms were associated with S. pneumoniae carriage, with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of 2.17 (95% CI 1.13, 4.12) and 2.28 (95% CI 1.15, 4.50), respectively. There was some evidence that URTI symptoms (aOR 1.94 [95% CI 1.00, 3.75]) were associated with carriage of M. catarrhalis. Children with URTI symptoms (p = 0.002), and low parental income (p = 0.011) had higher S. pneumoniae density, whereas older age was associated with lower S. pneumoniae density (p = 0.009). URTI symptoms were also associated with higher M. catarrahlis density (p = 0.035). Low maternal education (p = 0.039) and multiple children < 5y (p = 0.021) were positively associated with H. influenzae density, and semi-rural residence was associated with higher S. aureus density (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study provides a detailed assessment of risk factors associated with carriage of clinically-relevant bacteria in Indonesian children, and new data on host factors associated with pathogen density