Indonesia’s Municipal Solid Waste 3R and Waste to Energy Programs

Like most cities in the world, population in Indonesia continues to grow every year. Problems that can arise from this are the increasing amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) production and the growing demand for electricity. To deal with the problems, Indonesian government runs 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) and WTE (Waste to Energy) Programs simultaneously. 3R program aims to reduce the number of waste, while WTE program aims to generate electricity as an alternative energy source. This study aims to find out the optimal proportion of MSW treated through the 3R and WTE programs. For the purpose a goal programming model has been developed and solved using LINGO 11. The results showed that the optimal proportion of MSW through the 3R program is 49.90%, 12.37% through WTE program. This leaves 37.73% of waste untreated. The electricity generated from WTE program reached 1,229.695 GWh, total emissions can be saved is 1,809,208.2 tons CO2 equivalent and total land-use for the programs is 4,036,239.1 m2. This study was enriched by performing some scenarios, i.e. changing budget allocation of WTE program, shifting the limit of total emission from waste management and shifting the limit of land-use for waste treatment

Performance and emissions characterization of diesel engine running with re-formulated palm oil methyl ester-diesel blended fuel

Diesel engine emissions such as CO, NOx, THC and smoke were evaluated while the engine running with re-formulated Palm Oil Methyl Ester (POME) blended fuel. The fuel was re-formulated by additional additive and blending agent in order to get better atomization during blending process. A multi cylinder diesel engine was operated from 1000 rpm to 2500 rpm with 50% load, full throttle opening and fueled by three (3) types of fuel blends which containing 20% vol POME and 1% vol to 5% vol of additive. The additive is the combination of blending agent additive, ester stabilizer and anti-oxidation additive. The result shown that by presence of additive the emissions were decreased generally, especially for NOx and CO emission showed favorable result for POME blended additive fuel. Therefore, by re-formulating POME-diesel blended fuel could reduce poisonous gases from diesel engine combustion. In addition, the use of blended additive by proper composition is capable to increase the stability of the fuels as well as produce better combustion

Effects Of Equivalence Ratio On Performance And Emissions Of Diesel Engine With Hydrogen And Water Injection System At Variable Injection Timing

This paper aims to develop a comprehensive development and research for performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with hydrogen and water at variable injection timing. Experiments have been conducted to compare the performance and emissions between diesel alone, diesel with hydrogen and hydrogen-diesel and water injection pressure. addition of hydrogen into diesel engine resulted in higher pressure which lead to huge indicated work. Furthermore, injecting water into diesel engine with hydrogen mixture indicated a desirable outcome. Existence of water in combustion slightly decreased the amount of emissions but opposite in term of performance. The fact is water injection exist in combustion will absorb a portion of heat release which will result low in combustion process thus lead to low in performance production otherwise production of NOx emission is low. In conclusion, humidification in combustion engine is a great idea toward a high performance and low in emissions production compared to diesel alone operation which leads to a green technology production

Facile Preparation of Carbon Microcapsules Containing Phase-Change Material with Enhanced Thermal Properties

This study describes the hydrothermal synthesis of a novel carbon/palmitic acid (PA) microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM). The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images confirm that spherical capsules of uniform size were formed with a mean diameter of 6.42 μm. The melting and freezing temperature were found to be slightly lower than those of pure PA with little undercooling. The composite retained 75% of the latent heat of pure PA. Thermal stability of the MEPCM was found to be better than that of pure PA. The thermal conductivity of MEPCM was increased by as much as 41% at 30°C. Due to its good thermal properties and chemical and mechanical stability, the carbon/PA MEPCM displays a good potential for thermal energy storage systems

Significance of journal paper publication and guideline in postgraduate study

In a recent change of policy reviewed by University of Malaya (UM) postgraduate students are required to publish journal paper before they are awarded their degrees. In a new curriculum effective from 18 December 2008, postgraduate students by research mode are required to publish minimum of one Institutes of Scientific Information (ISI) journal paper for Master degree and two ISI journal papers for Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree. Public universities are fervent for paper publication as it has an impact on university world ranking so the requirement is designed to boost the number of journal paper publication of the university and a good opportunity of the student’s future career. The paper publication increases critical thinking, data analysis skill of the student and many other obvious advantages. University of Malaya has global recognition with state of the art research facility and provides student with fellowship and research assistantship for financial aid so that student can accomplish the desired goal. Students can apply for short term Research and Development (R&D) grant named as postgraduate research fund for the expenditure of their research purposes. This paper discusses the significance of publishing journal paper by postgraduate student to fulfill University requirement and their future career development. The mutual benefit between student and university for publishing journal was also highlighted

Characteristics of Vacuum Freeze Drying with Utilization of Internal Cooling and Condenser Waste Heat for Sublimation

Vacuum freeze drying is an excellent drying method, but it is very energy-intensive because a relatively long drying time is required. This research investigates the utilization of condenser waste heat for sublimation as a way of accelerating the drying rate. In addition, it also investigates the effect of internal cooling combined with vacuum cooling in the pressure reduction process. Jelly fish tentacles were used as the specimen, with different configurations for condenser heat waste and internal cooling valve opening. The results show that heating with condenser heat waste can accelerate the drying rate up to 0.0035 kg/m2.s. In addition, pre-freezing by internal cooling prevents evaporation until the mass of the specimen is 0.47 g and promotes transition of the specimen into the solid phase.Keywords: condenser waste heat, drying rate, internal cooling, sublimation, vacuum freeze dryin

Utilization of low rank coal as oxidation catalyst by controllable removal of its carbonaceous component

Controlled removal of carbonaceous component in low rank coal by sulfonation followed by calcination demonstrated that it is a simple and effective method to utilize this material as catalyst in the oxidation of styrene. Low rank coal is one of the least utilized categories of coal. However, it shows excellent potential as a catalyst due to high concentrations of carbon and other elements, such as transition metals, which are embedded inside its structure. In this research, the low rank coal was treated by sulfonation followed by calcination in order to activate the transition metals embedded in it. The catalytic activity of the treated low rank coal was tested in the oxidation of styrene by aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The low rank coal showed high catalytic activity after sulfonation and calcination at 700. °C, with 3% of styrene conversion and 97% of selectivity toward benzaldehyde. The transition metal active sites in low rank coal that play the most important role in the oxidation of styrene were determined by coal mimicking models. The presence of cobalt oxide and titanium oxide active sites in the low rank coal plays the most significant role in the oxidation of styrene by aqueous hydrogen peroxide

Load-displacement behavior of glass fiber/epoxy composite plates with circular cut-outs subjected to compressive load

An experimental study of the behavior of woven glass fiber/epoxy composite laminated panels under compression is presented. Compression tests were performed on to 16 fiber-glass laminated plates with and without circular cut-outs using the compressed machine. The maximum load of failure for each of the glass-fiber/epoxy laminated plates under compression has been determined experimentally. A parametric study was performed as well to investigate the effects of varying the centrally located circular cut-out sizes and fiber angle-ply orientations on to the ultimate load. The experimental work revealed that as the cut-out size increases, the maximum load of the composite plate decreases. Also, it has been observed that cross-ply laminates possess the greatest ultimate load as compared to other types of ply stacking sequences and orientations

Development and test of a new catalytic converter for natural gas fuelled engine

This paper presents characteristics of a new catalytic converter (catco) to be used for natural gas fuelled engine. The catco were developed based on catalyst materials consisting of metal oxides such as titanium dioxide (TiO2) and cobalt oxide (CoO) with wire mesh substrate. Both of the catalyst materials (such as TiO2 and CoO) are inexpensive in comparison with conventional catalysts (noble metals) such as palladium or platinum. In addition, the noble metals such as platinum group metals are now identified as human health risk due to their rapid emissions in the environment from various resources like conventional catalytic converter, jewelers and other medical usages. It can be mentioned that the TiO2/CoO based catalytic converter and a new natural gas engine such as compressed natural gas (CNG) direct injection (DI) engine were developed under a research collaboration program. The original engine manufacture catalytic conveter (OEM catco) was tested for comparison purposes. The OEM catco was based on noble metal catalyst with honeycomb ceramic substrate. It is experimentally found that the conversion efficiencies of TiO2/CoO based catalytic converter are 93%, 89% and 82% for NOx, CO and HC emissions respectively. It is calculated that the TiO2/CoO based catalytic converter reduces 24%, 41% and 40% higher NOx, CO and HC emissions in comparison to OEM catco respectively. The objective of this paper is to develop a low-cost three way catalytic converter to be used with the newly developed CNG-DI engine. Detailed review on catalytic converter, low-cost catalytic converter development characteristics and CNGDI engine test results have been presented with discussions

Energy, economic and environmental benefits of using high-efficiency motors to replace standard motors for the Malaysian industries

Electric motors use major share (i.e. about 30-80 of total industrial energy consumption) of total industrial energy use around the world. Experiences from other countries show that government intervention in the form of regulations such as mandatory and voluntary approaches can save sizeable amount of energy along with the reduction in emissions associated with energy savings. This paper presents potential energy savings by introducing high-efficiency motors as a case study in Malaysian industrial sector. Emission reductions associated with the energy savings has been estimated and presented as well. It was also estimated that a cumulative amount of 1940 and 892 GWh of energy can be saved for 20 and 120 kW motors, respectively, in Malaysia relative to BAU over the next 10 years. Similarly, a cumulative amount of USD 100 million and USD 60 million can be saved as utility bills for the same motor categories. It has been found that the payback period of different capacities of motors are less than a year. Based on results, it was found that 1789 million kg of CO(2) emission can be avoided by replacing standard motors with high-efficiency motors