Psychological needs as motivators for security and privacy actions on smartphones

Much work has been conducted to investigate the obstacles that keep users from using mitigations against security and privacy threats on smartphones. By contrast, we conducted in-depth interviews (N = 19) to explore users’ motivations for voluntarily applying security and privacy actions on smartphones. Our work focuses on analyzing intrinsic motivation in terms of psychological need fulfillment. The findings from the interview study provide first insights on the salience of basic psychological needs in the context of smartphone security and privacy. They illustrate how security and privacy actions on smartphones are motivated by a variety of psychological needs, only one of them being the need for Security. We further conducted an online survey (N = 70) in which we used questionnaires on psychological need fulfillment from the literature. The online survey is a first attempt to quantify psychological need fulfillment for security and privacy actions on smartphones. Whereas the results of the interview study indicate that Security and other needs play a role as motivators for employing security and privacy actions on smartphones, the online study does not support the need for Security as an outstanding motivator. Instead, in the online study, other needs such as Keeping the meaningful, Stimulation, Autonomy, and Competence show to be rather salient as motivators for security and privacy actions. Furthermore, the mean need fulfillment for security and privacy actions is in general rather low in the online survey. We conclude that there is scope for improvement to maximize psychological need fulfillment with security and privacy actions. In order to achieve a positive user experience with security and privacy technologies on smartphones, we suggest addressing additional psychological needs, beyond the need for Security, in the design of such technologies

Evaluating embodied conversational agents in multimodal interfaces

Based on cross-disciplinary approaches to Embodied Conversational Agents, evaluation methods for such human-computer interfaces are structured and presented. An introductory systematisation of evaluation topics from a conversational perspective is followed by an explanation of social-psychological phenomena studied in interaction with Embodied Conversational Agents, and how these can be used for evaluation purposes. Major evaluation concepts and appropriate assessment instruments – established and new ones – are presented, including questionnaires, annotations and log-files. An exemplary evaluation and guidelines provide hands-on information on planning and preparing such endeavours

An evaluation framework for multimodal interaction: determining quality aspects and modality choice

This book presents (1) an exhaustive and empirically validated taxonomy of quality aspects of multimodal interaction as well as respective measurement methods, (2) a validated questionnaire specifically tailored to the evaluation of multimodal systems and covering most of the taxonomy‘s quality aspects, (3) insights on how the quality perceptions of multimodal systems relate to the quality perceptions of its individual components, (4) a set of empirically tested factors which influence modality choice, and (5) models regarding the relationship of the perceived quality of a modality and the actual usage of a modality

Multimodal interaction: Intuitive, robust, and preferred?

Abstract. We investigated if and under which conditions multimodal interfaces (touch, speech, motion control) fulfil the expectation of being superior to unimodal interfaces. The results show that the possibility of multimodal interaction with a handheld mobile device turned out to be more intuitive, more robust, and more preferred than the interaction with the individual modalities speech and motion control. However, it was not clearly superior to touch

Locate! -When do Users Disclose Location?

ABSTRACT Location information and traces (via tracking) can reveal vast amounts of information about a user: where she lives, works, and even which restaurants or friends she visits. Therefore, this information should be handled with sufficient concern and care. Willingness to disclose one's location is influenced by various factors including who is asking the location and what the reason for the location request is, as well as individual characteristics such as one's privacy concerns. This paper outlines a study aimed at determining the relationship between these factors and users' willingness to share their location with others using a mobile device. To study this, we developed a mobile application that lets the users share their current location with others at various levels of accuracy. Using the application, we ran a field study simulating the communication between the participants and their various contacts. Our results show that mainly the personal, rather than external factors influence the tendency for location disclosure. Users with lower privacy concerns regarding the accuracy of personal information share their location with more accuracy. Also, people who generally feel close with others tend to disclose their location more accurately