Prevalence of dosing errors in elderly patients with impaired renal function: a survey in ambulatory patients [meeting abstract]

Meeting Abstract : Gesellschaft für Arzneimittelanwendungsforschung und Arzneimittelepidemiologie e.V. (GAA). 17. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Arzneimittelanwendungsforschung und Arzneimittelepidemiologie. Osnabrück, 25.-26.11.2010. ntroduction: Several drugs require dose adjustment in patients with impaired renal function, which however, often goes undetected. Serum creatinine may be normal in patients while renal function is already reduced. The estimated GFR (eGFR) allows a more precise evaluation of the renal function. This study was carried out in a group practice for family medicine, in Frankfurt/ Main, Germany. The exploration aimed at investigating if patients with renal insufficiency were recognised and if their prescriptions were appropriate in terms of dose adjustment or contra-indications. Methods: In patients (>65yrs) with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance <60 ml/min), their prescribed medication was retrospectively explored (Observation period 1.1.2008 to 1.4.2009). The Cockroft-Gault formula was used as estimate for the eGFR, using a creatinine value from the patient’s charts. In 90 patients, a second eGFR could be estimated from a second creatinine value obtained within 3-6 months. The recommended dose of each prescription in the SmPC (Fachinformation“) was compared to the dose that had been actually prescribed. Results: Out of 232 consecutively patients >65 yrs, 102 had an eGFR <60 ml/min, 16 of these had an eGFR <30 ml/min. The eGFR was closely correlated (r2=0.81) with an independent second eGFR. Out of these 102 patients, 48 had a serum creatinine level within the normal range. Renal adjustment was required in 263 of a total of 613 prescriptions. 72 prescriptions in a total of 45 patients were not appropriately adjusted (32) or prescribed despite a contraindication (40). For chronic prescriptions, metformin, ramipril, enalapril, HCTZ, and spironolactone accounted for 70% of inappropriate dosing; the magnitude of misdosing was 1.5 to 4 fold (median 2). 9 temporary prescriptions (of a total of 60 prescriptions) in 8 patients were not adjusted (cefuroxim, cefpodoxim, levofloxacin). We could not prove that patients with normal serum creatinine had a higher rate of inappropriate dosing than those with already elevated creatinine. Discussion and conclusion: In this GP practice, we have demonstrated a considerable prevalence of inappropriate dosing in patients with impaired renal function. It remains to be elucidated whether surveillance of appropriate dosing in renal impairment can be optimized e.g. with CPOE

Prävalenz von Fehlverordnungen beim älteren Patienten mit eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion - eine Erhebung aus dem hausärztlichen Bereich

Hintergrund und Problemstellung: Viele vermeidbare Medikamentennebenwirkungen bei älteren Patienten haben ihre Ursache in der fehlenden Dosisanpassung bei Niereninsuffizienz. Beim Patienten über 65 Jahre liegen die Serumkreatininwerte oft noch im Normbereich, während die tatsächliche Nierenfunktion schon deutlich beeinträchtigt ist. Eine genauere Beurteilung der Nierenfunktion ist mit der Berechnung der glomerulären Filtrationsrate möglich. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde in einer Praxisgemeinschaft einer hausärztlich tätigen Internistin und einer Fachärztin für Allgemeinmedizin in Frankfurt retrospektiv exploriert, ob niereninsuffiziente Patienten als solche erkannt wurden und wenn ja, ob sie dosisadaptiert mit Medikamenten versorgt wurden, bzw. in wie vielen Fällen sie fehlerhafte Verordnungen erhielten. Methode: Eine Zielpopulation von 100 Patienten mit moderater bis schwerer Nierenfunktionseinschränkung (Kreatinin-Clearance von 60 oder kleiner) wurde retrospektiv hinsichtlich der verordneten Medikation untersucht. Dabei wurde die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate mittels Cockroft-Gault-Formel errechnet. Bei nierensensiblen Substanzen wurde die in der Fachinformation empfohlene Dosis mit der tatsächlich verordneten Dosis verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung zeigen, dass von 232 auswertbaren Patienten 102 eine errechnete Kreatinin-Clearance von weniger als 60 ml/min aufwiesen, obwohl bei 48 Patienten der Serumkreatininlevel noch im Normbereich lag. Eine Dosisanpassung wegen Niereninsuffizienz war bei 261 von 613 Verordnungen erforderlich und wurde in 189 Fällen wie empfohlen umgesetzt. In 72 Fällen (27%) wurde sie nicht korrekt durchgeführt. Hier wurde die Dosis 32 mal nicht angepasst, 40 mal wurde trotz Kontraindikation verordnet. Das Risiko einer Fehlverordnung war signifikant assoziiert mit dem Vorliegen einer schweren Nierenfunktionsstörung (GFR < 30ml/min). Mit dem Vorliegen eines normalen Serumkreatininwerts waren keine signifikanten Assoziationen nachweisbar. Die Substanzen Metformin, Ramipril, Enalapril, HCT, Spironolacton und Simvastatin machten den Hauptanteil der Fehlverordnungen im Bereich der Dauermedikation aus. Bei den temporären Verordnungen waren im Schwerpunkt Antibiotika (Cefuroxim, Cefpodoxim, Levofloxacin) und Antiphlogistika (Diclofenac, Ibuprofen) betroffen. Schlussfolgerung: In einer durchschnittlichen Hausarztpraxis kommen in signifikanten Maße Fehlverordnungen vor. Die Gründe hierfür sind vielfältig. Insbesondere das Verschreibungsverhalten von Hausärzten hat eine zentrale Bedeutung für die Patientensicherheit bei Medikamentenverordnung und sollte unbedingt Gegenstand weiterer Untersuchungen sein.Context: Many avoidable adverse drug reactions in elderly patients are due to an absence of dose adjustment according to renal function. Serum creatinine concentration may be normal in patients over the age of 65 years while renal function is already reduced. The estimated GFR (eGFR) allows a more precise evaluation of the renal function, especially in the early stages of chronic renal insufficiency. This retrospective study was carried out in a GP practice, consisting of 2 GPs, in Frankfurt/ Main, Germany. The exploration aimed at invesitgating if patients with renal insufficiency were recognised and if they received medication according to renal function. Methods: In elderly patients (65yrs. and older) with renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance < 60 ml/min) prescribed medication was retrospectively explored. The Cockroft-Gault formula was used to calculate creatinine clearance as estimate for the GFR. The recommended dosage of each prescribed substance in the SmPC ( „Fachinformation“) was compared to the dosage that had been prescribed relating to the patients individual renal function. Results: Out of 232 analysed patients 102 had a calculated creatinine clearance <60 ml/min and were thus included in this study. Out of these 102 patients with moderate to severe renal impairment, 48 had a serum creatinine level that was located within the normal range. Dosing adjustment was required in 261 of 613 prescriptions and was accomplished in 189 cases as recommended. Prescrition was not correctly executed in 72 cases (27%). The risk of inappropriate drug dosing was significantly related to the presence of severe renal impairment but not to the presence of normal serum creatinine levels. Metformin, ramipril, enalapril, hydrochlorothiacide, spironolactone and simvastatine represented the main portion (70%) of inappropriate drug prescriptions in the area of permanent medication. Regarding the temporary medication, antibiotics (cefuroxim, cefpodoxim, levofloxacin) and antiphlogistic agents (ibuprofen, diclofenac) were mainly affected by inappropriate drug dosing. Conclusion: Inappropriate drug dosing is prevalent in an average GP practice. This has a multicausal background. The prescribing behaviour of GPs is playing a central role for patient safety and should be investigated in further studies

Primary care management for optimized antithrombotic treatment [PICANT]: study protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial

Background: Antithrombotic treatment is a continuous therapy that is often performed in general practice and requires careful safety management. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a best practice model that applies major elements of case management, including patient education, can improve antithrombotic management in primary health care in terms of reducing major thromboembolic and bleeding events. Methods: This 24-month cluster-randomized trial will be performed in 690 adult patients from 46 practices. The trial intervention will be a complex intervention involving general practitioners, health care assistants and patients with an indication for oral anticoagulation. To assess adherence to medication and symptoms in patients, as well as to detect complications early, health care assistants will be trained in case management and will use the Coagulation-Monitoring-List (Co-MoL) to regularly monitor patients. Patients will receive information (leaflets and a video), treatment monitoring via the Co-MoL and be motivated to perform self-management. Patients in the control group will continue to receive treatment-as-usual from their general practitioners. The primary endpoint is the combined endpoint of all thromboembolic events requiring hospitalization, and all major bleeding complications. Secondary endpoints are mortality, hospitalization, strokes, major bleeding and thromboembolic complications, severe treatment interactions, the number of adverse events, quality of anticoagulation, health-related quality of life and costs. Further secondary objectives will be investigated to explain the mechanism by which the intervention is effective: patients' assessment of chronic illness care, self-reported adherence to medication, general practitioners' and health care assistants' knowledge, patients' knowledge and satisfaction with shared decision making. Practice recruitment is expected to take place between July and December 2012. Recruitment of eligible patients will start in July 2012. Assessment will occur at three time points: baseline (T0), follow-up after 12 (T1) and after 24 months (T2). Discussion: The efficacy and effectiveness of individual elements of the intervention, such as antithrombotic interventions, self-management concepts in orally anticoagulated patients and the methodological tool, case-management, have already been extensively demonstrated. This project foresees the combination of several proven instruments, as a result of which we expect to profit from a reduction in the major complications associated with antithrombotic treatment

Anticoagulant treatment in German family practices : screening results from a cluster randomized controlled trial

Background: Oral anticoagulation (OAC) with coumarins and new anticoagulants are highly effective in preventing thromboembolic complications. However, some studies indicate that over- and under-treatment with anticoagulants are fairly common. The aim of this paper is to assess the appropriateness of treatment in patients with a long-term indication for OAC, and to describe the corresponding characteristics of such patients on the basis of screening results from the cluster randomized PICANT trial. Methods: Randomly selected family practices in the federal state of Hesse, Germany, were visited by study team members. Eligible patients were screened using an anonymous patient list that was generated by the general practitioners? software according to predefined instructions. A documentation sheet was filled in for all screened patients. Eligible patients were classified into 3 categories (1: patients with a long-term indication for OAC and taking anticoagulants, 2: patients with a long-term indication for OAC but not taking anticoagulants, 3: patients without a long-term indication for OAC but taking an anticoagulant on a permanent basis). IBM SPSS Statistics 20 was used for descriptive statistical analysis. Results: We screened 2,036 randomly selected, potentially eligible patients from 52 family practices. 275 patients could not be assigned to one of the 3 categories and were therefore not considered for analysis. The final study sample comprised 1,761 screened patients, 1,641 of whom belonged to category 1, 78 to category 2, and 42 to category 3. INR values were available for 1,504 patients of whom 1,013 presented INR values within their therapeutic ranges. The majority of screened patients had very good compliance, as assessed by the general practitioner. New antithrombotic drugs were prescribed in 6.1% of cases. Conclusions: The screening results showed that a high proportion of patients were receiving appropriate anticoagulation therapy. The numbers of patients with a long-term indication for OAC therapy that were not receiving oral anticoagulants, and without a long-term indication that were receiving OAC, were considerably lower than expected. Most patients take coumarins, and the quality of OAC control is reasonably high