Antimicrobial spectrum of synthetic, amidated moronecidin-like peptides from Antarctic fishes.

<p>Antimicrobial spectrum of synthetic, amidated moronecidin-like peptides from Antarctic fishes.</p

Characterization of Two Antimicrobial Peptides from Antarctic Fishes (<i>Notothenia coriiceps</i> and <i>Parachaenichthys charcoti</i>) - Fig 3

<p><b>Helical wheel diagram depicting amphipathic alpha-helical conformations of (a) moro (b) moroNC, and (c) moroPC.</b> Hydrophobic residues are yellow, positively charged residues are blue, and negatively charged residues are red. Particular polar residues are violet (threonine and serine), pink (asparagine and glutamine) or sky blue (histidine). The arrows represent the helical hydrophobic moment.</p

Synthetic peptides.

<p>Synthetic peptides.</p

AMP activity against <i>Psychrobacter</i> sp. <i>PAMC 25501</i>, <i>Flavobacteria</i> sp. PAMC 22217, and <i>Lacinutrix algicola</i> AKS293^T.

<p>AMP activity against <i>Psychrobacter</i> sp. <i>PAMC 25501</i>, <i>Flavobacteria</i> sp. PAMC 22217, and <i>Lacinutrix algicola</i> AKS293^T.</p

Microbial strains and culture conditions.

<p>Microbial strains and culture conditions.</p

Hemolytic activities of moro-NH₂, moroNC-NH₂, and moroPC-NH_2.

<p>The percentage of hemolysis was defined as the ratio of absorbance between the sample and an erythrocyte suspension treated with 0.1% SDS.</p

Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship between the two moronecidin-like peptides from Antarctic fishes and other known AMPs.

<p>The accession number of each AMP is the same as that given in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0170821#pone.0170821.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. The phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method using the bootstrap test with 2000 replicates. The scale bar denotes a 0.1 change per amino acid position.</p

Alignment of the two novel moronecidin-like peptides with other known piscine AMPs.

<p>The signal peptides and mature peptides of AMPs are well conserved in fish species. Accession number: dicentracin (European seabass, <i>Dicentrarchus labrax</i>) AAP58960.1; moronecidin (Nile tilapia, <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) XP_003456662; dicentracin (Sablefish, <i>Anoplopoma fimbria</i>) ACQ58110.1; moronecidin (Mandarin fish, <i>Siniperca chuatsi</i>) AAV65044.1; moronecidin (Nile tilapia, <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>) XP_003456661.1; moronecidin (Sablefish, <i>Anoplopoma fimbria</i>) ACQ57928.1; moronecidin (Striped seabass, <i>Morone saxatilis</i>) Q8UUG0; moronecidin (White bass, <i>Morone chrysops</i>) Q8UUG2.1; piscidin (Brown-marbled grouper, <i>Epinephelus fuscoguttatus</i>) ADE06665.1; piscidin (Duskytail grouper, <i>Epinephelus bleekeri</i>) ADY86110.1; piscidin (Hong Kong grouper, <i>Epinephelus akaara</i>) ACE78290.1; piscidin (Hybrid striped seabass, <i>Morone chrysops</i> × <i>Morone saxatilis</i>) ADP37959.1; piscidin (Hybrid striped seabass, <i>Morone chrysops</i> × <i>Morone saxatilis</i>) ADP37960.1; piscidin (Large yellow croaker, <i>Larimichthys crocea</i>) ACE78289.1; piscidin (Longtooth grouper, <i>Epinephelus bruneus</i>) AEM37732.1; piscidin (Malabar grouper, <i>Epinephelus malabaricus</i>) ADY86112.1; piscidin (Orange-spotted grouper, <i>Epinephelus coioides</i>) AFM37317.1; moronecidin (Antarctic black rockcod, <i>Notothenia coriiceps</i>) XP_010768425.1; moronecidin (Antarctic dragonfish, <i>Parachaenichthys charcoti</i>) KX344030; pleurocidin (<i>Pleuronectes americanus</i>) AAF17252.1; piscidin (Icefish, <i>Chionodraco hamatus</i>) CBX55949.1; piscidin (Atlantic cod, <i>Gadus morhua</i>) ACS91329.1.</p

Effect of temperature on AMP activity against <i>E. coli</i> DH5α.

<p>Effect of temperature on AMP activity against <i>E. coli</i> DH5α.</p

Effects of monovalent and divalent cations on AMP activity against <i>Psychrobacter</i> sp. <i>PAMC 25501</i>.

<p>Effects of monovalent and divalent cations on AMP activity against <i>Psychrobacter</i> sp. <i>PAMC 25501</i>.</p