297 research outputs found
Out-of-equilibrium versus dynamical and thermodynamical transitions for a model protein
Equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium transitions of an off-lattice protein
model have been identified and studied. In particular, the out-of-equilibrium
dynamics of the protein undergoing mechanical unfolding is investigated, and by
using a work fluctuation relation, the system free energy landscape is
evaluated. Three different structural transitions are identified along the
unfolding pathways. Furthermore, the reconstruction of the the free and
potential energy profiles in terms of inherent structure formalism allows us to
put in direct correspondence these transitions with the equilibrium thermal
transitions relevant for protein folding/unfolding. Through the study of the
fluctuations of the protein structure at different temperatures, we identify
the dynamical transitions, related to configurational rearrangements of the
protein, which are precursors of the thermal transitions.Comment: Proceedings of the "YKIS 2009 : Frontiers in Nonequilibrium Physics"
conference in Kyoto, August 2009. To appear in Progress of Theoretical
Physics Supplemen
Heat flow in chains driven by thermal noise
We consider the large deviation function for a classical harmonic chain
composed of N particles driven at the end points by heat reservoirs, first
derived in the quantum regime by Saito and Dhar and in the classical regime by
Saito and Dhar and Kundu et al. Within a Langevin description we perform this
calculation on the basis of a standard path integral calculation in Fourier
space. The cumulant generating function yielding the large deviation function
is given in terms of a transmission Green's function and is consistent with the
fluctuation theorem. We find a simple expression for the tails of the heat
distribution which turn out to decay exponentially. We, moreover, consider an
extension of a single particle model suggested by Derrida and Brunet and
discuss the two-particle case. We also discuss the limit for large N and
present a closed expression for the cumulant generating function. Finally, we
present a derivation of the fluctuation theorem on the basis of a Fokker-Planck
description. This result is not restricted to the harmonic case but is valid
for a general interaction potential between the particles.Comment: Latex: 26 pages and 9 figures, appeared in J. Stat. Mech. P04005
(2012
Stationary and transient Fluctuation Theorems for effective heat flux between hydrodynamically coupled particles in optical traps
We experimentally study the statistical properties of the energy fluxes
between two trapped Brownian particles, interacting through dissipative
hydrodynamic coupling, submitted to an effective temperature difference , obtained by random forcing the position of one trap. We identify effective
heat fluxes between the two particles and show that they satisfy an exchange
fluctuation theorem (xFT) in the stationary state. We also show that after the
sudden application of a temperature gradient , \resub{the total}
hot-cold flux satisfies \resub{a} transient xFT for any integration time
whereas \resub{the total} cold-hot flux only does it asymptotically for long
times
Influence of rotational force fields on the determination of the work done on a driven Brownian particle
For a Brownian system the evolution of thermodynamic quantities is a
stochastic process. In particular, the work performed on a driven colloidal
particle held in an optical trap changes for each realization of the
experimental manipulation, even though the manipulation protocol remains
unchanged. Nevertheless, the work distribution is governed by established laws.
Here, we show how the measurement of the work distribution is influenced by the
presence of rotational, i.e. nonconservative, radiation forces. Experiments on
particles of different materials show that the rotational radiation forces, and
therefore their effect on the work distributions, increase with the particle
refractive index.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure
Fluctuation relations for a driven Brownian particle
We consider a driven Brownian particle, subject to both conservative and
non-conservative applied forces, whose probability evolves according to the
Kramers equation. We derive a general fluctuation relation, expressing the
ratio of the probability of a given Brownian path in phase space with that of
the time-reversed path, in terms of the entropy flux to the heat reservoir.
This fluctuation relation implies those of Seifert, Jarzynski and
Gallavotti-Cohen in different special cases
Fluctuation theorems for harmonic oscillators
We study experimentally the thermal fluctuations of energy input and
dissipation in a harmonic oscillator driven out of equilibrium, and search for
Fluctuation Relations. We study transient evolution from the equilibrium state,
together with non equilibrium steady states. Fluctuations Relations are
obtained experimentally for both the work and the heat, for the stationary and
transient evolutions. A Stationary State Fluctuation Theorem is verified for
the two time prescriptions of the torque. But a Transient Fluctuation Theorem
is satisfied for the work given to the system but not for the heat dissipated
by the system in the case of linear forcing. Experimental observations on the
statistical and dynamical properties of the fluctuation of the angle, we derive
analytical expressions for the probability density function of the work and the
heat. We obtain for the first time an analytic expression of the probability
density function of the heat. Agreement between experiments and our modeling is
excellent
Heat distribution function for motion in a general potential at low temperature
We consider the 1D motion of an overdamped Brownian particle in a general
potential in the low temperature limit. We derive an explicit expression for
the probability distribution for the heat transferred to the particle. We find
that the local minima in the potential yield divergent side bands in the heat
distribution in addition to the divergent central peak. The position of the
bands are determined by the potential gaps. We, moreover, determine the tails
of the heat distribution.Comment: 11 pages (latex) and 3 figures (eps
Probability density functions of work and heat near the stochastic resonance of a colloidal particle
We study experimentally and theoretically the probability density functions
of the injected and dissipated energy in a system of a colloidal particle
trapped in a double well potential periodically modulated by an external
perturbation. The work done by the external force and the dissipated energy are
measured close to the stochastic resonance where the injected power is maximum.
We show a good agreement between the probability density functions exactly
computed from a Langevin dynamics and the measured ones. The probability
density function of the work done on the particle satisfies the fluctuation
theorem
Surface tension in bilayer membranes with fixed projected area
We study the elastic response of bilayer membranes with fixed projected area
to both stretching and shape deformations. A surface tension is associated to
each of these deformations. By using model amphiphilic membranes and computer
simulations, we are able to observe both the types of deformation, and thus,
both the surface tensions, related to each type of deformation, are measured
for the same system. These surface tensions are found to assume different
values in the same bilayer membrane: in particular they vanish for different
values of the projected area. We introduce a simple theory which relates the
two quantities and successfully apply it to the data obtained with computer
simulations
A minimal model of an autonomous thermal motor
We consider a model of a Brownian motor composed of two coupled overdamped
degrees of freedom moving in periodic potentials and driven by two heat
reservoirs. This model exhibits a spontaneous breaking of symmetry and gives
rise to directed transport in the case of a non- vanishing interparticle
interaction strength. For strong coupling between the particles we derive an
expression for the propagation velocity valid for arbitrary periodic
potentials. In the limit of strong coupling the model is equivalent to the
B\"uttiker-Landauer model [1-3] for a single particle diffusing in an
environment with position dependent temperature. By using numerical
calculations of the Fokker-Planck equation and simulations of the Langevin
equations we study the model for arbitrary coupling, retrieving many features
of the strong coupling limit. In particular, directed transport emerges even
for symmetric potentials. For distinct heat reservoirs the heat currents are
well-defined quantities allowing a study of the motor efficiency. We show that
the optimal working regime occurs for moderate coupling. Finally, we introduce
a model with discrete phase space which captures the essential features of the
continuous model, can be solved in the limit of weak coupling, and exhibits a
larger efficiency than the continuous counterpart.Comment: Revised version. Extended discussion on the discrete model. To appear
in EP
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