Preparación de bioles orgánicos

Los biofertilizantes provienen de animales, restos vegetales, alimentos y otras fuentes orgánicas naturales, los bioles se están usando para sustituir a los fertilizantes químicos que son los que están dañando el medio ambiente. Con el uso de fertilizantes orgánicos estamos cuidando en medio ambiente, sin dañar nuestros suelos y sobre todo no contaminando los mantos acuíferos, de igual manera se está cuidando la salud humana ya que se producen alimentos libres de químicos. Con este manual estamos enseñando paso a paso como producir nuestros biofertilizantes con el fin de reducir o evitar el uso de fertilizantes químicos

Morfología del sistema reproductor y del espermatóforo de Litopenaeus vannamei, camarón blanco del Pacífico

In order to advance in the knowledge of the male reproductive system of Litopanaeus vannamei, the anatomical description of its reproductive system in sexually mature animals was performed. Animals were obtained from a Mexican shrimp hatchery, located in Sinaloa, Mexico. To describe the anatomy, a) 8 male reproductive systems were removed; b) 10 spermatophores compounds were extracted from naturally inseminated females; and c) 40 sperm sacs derived from the right and the left ampulla were manually extracted. In general, the reproductive system was found similar to the observed in other species of the genus Penaeus. However, differences in the shape of the testes and of the terminal ampulla that are characteristic of this species were observed. An area located between the anterior vas deferens and the middle duct, known in other species as blind pouch, was observed. The compound spermatophore is a structure that has been described anatomically, although when freshly extracted it is difficult to observe because the type of substances that compose it and because of the morphological changes introduced when it contacts water. In each sperm sac of the spermatophore, sperm chamber is located from its medial to its distal part, with the highest concentration of sperm in the distal region.Con el objetivo de aportar información al conocimiento del sistema reproductor en machos de Litopenaeus vannamei, se elaboró la descripción anatómica de su sistema reproductor, empleando para ello machos sexualmente maduros, obtenidos de un laboratorio productor de larvas ubicado en Sinaloa, México. Para hacer la descripción, se obtuvieron por disección: a) los órganos reproductores completos de 8 machos; b) 10 espermatóforos compuestos que fueron extraídos de hembras inseminadas naturalmente; y c) 40 sacos espermáticos extraídos manualmente de las ámpulas derecha e izquierda. El sistema reproductor se asemeja al de otras especies del género Penaeus, sin embargo, posee diferencias en la forma de los testículos y del ámpula terminal, que lo hace característico de esta especie. También se localizó un área diferenciada entre el conducto deferente anterior y el conducto deferente medio que ha sido denominada en otras especies como saco ciego. El espermatóforo compuesto es una estructura que ha sido descrita anatómicamente, aunque su observación en fresco es difícil de realizar por el tipo de sustancias que lo forman y los cambios morfológicos que presenta al tener contacto con el agua. En cada uno de las sacos espermáticos del espermatóforo, la cámara espermática abarca desde la parte media hasta la parte distal del mismo, encontrándose la mayor concentración de espermatozoides en la región distal

Factores de riesgo para enfermedades metabólicas en adolescentes de tres etnias de Chihuahua, México

This study carried out in adolescents of the Mennonite, Tarahumara and Mestizo ethnic groups of the state of Chihuahua, Mexico, aims to make a description of the risk components for metabolic syndrome (MS) that our population has in current life, and that predispose to a large number of metabolic diseases. The following variables were reviewed: age, sex, BMI, waist circumference, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C and blood pressure. The variables were compared according to the various criterion to determine the metabolic syndrome: IDF, NCEP-ATP III (Cook and de Ferranti) and WHO. The prevalence of MS in the sample was higher in Tarahumara adolescents (12.65%) compared to mestizos (11.95%) and Mennonites (7.15%), according to the ATP III criterion (De Ferranti). Conclusions. There is a significant statistical difference in the prevalence of MS in adolescents from different ethnic groups in Chihuahua.Este estudio realizado en adolescentes de las etnias Menonita, Tarahumara y Mestiza del estado de Chihuahua, pretende hacer una descripción de los componentes de riesgo para síndrome metabólico (SM) que en la vida actual tiene nuestra población, y que predisponen a un gran número de enfermedades metabólicas. Se revisaron las variables: edad, sexo, IMC, circunferencia de cintura, glucosa en ayunas, colesterol total, triglicéridos, c-HDL y presión arterial. Las variables fueron comparadas de acuerdo con los diversos criterios para determinar el síndrome metabólico: IDF, NCEP-ATP III (Cook y de Ferranti) y OMS. La prevalencia de SM en la muestra fue mayor en adolescentes tarahumaras (12.65%) en comparación con mestizos (11.95%) y menonitas (7.15%), de acuerdo con los criterios de la ATP III (De Ferranti). Conclusiones. Existe una diferencia estadística significante en la prevalencia de SM en adolescentes de los diferentes grupos étnicos de Chihuahua

Taenia crassiceps Infection Does Not Influence the Development of Experimental Rheumatoid Arthritis

It was previously reported by our group that infection with Taenia crassiceps reduces incidence and severity of inflammatory and autoimmune experimental diseases like type 1 diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this research, we set out to study whether infection with T. crassiceps would affect the development of experimental rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We found that mice infected with the parasite and induced with experimental RA showed similar clinical scores as the noninfected experimental RA group; systemic cytokines were not affected while anti-CII Abs were higher in the infected group. Histological evaluation showed damage in both infected and noninfected experimental RA-induced groups and although some surface molecules such as PDL-2 and MR which are associated with immunomodulatory mechanisms were upregulated in the infected and RA-induced group as compared to the noninfected RA group, they did not exert any changes in the outcome of experimental RA. Thus, we determined that infection with T. crassiceps does not influence the outcome of experimental RA

Innate and Adaptive Cell Populations Driving Inflammation in Dry Eye Disease

Dry eye disease (DED) is the most common ocular disease and affects millions of individuals worldwide. DED encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases that can be generally divided into two forms including aqueous-deficient and evaporative DED. Evidence suggests that these conditions arise from either failure of lacrimal gland secretion or low tear film quality. In its secondary form, DED is often associated with autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren’s syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis. Current treatment strategies for DED are limited to anti-inflammatory medications that target the immune system as the source of deleterious inflammation and tissue injury. However, there is a lack of understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of DED, and subsequently, there are very few effective treatment strategies. The gap in our knowledge of the etiology of primary DED is in part because the majority of research in DED focused on secondary autoimmune causes. This review focuses on what is currently understood about the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cell populations in the pathogenesis of DED and highlights the need to continue investigating the central role of immunity driving DED

MGL1 Receptor Plays a Key Role in the Control of T. cruzi Infection by Increasing Macrophage Activation through Modulation of ERK1/2, c-Jun, NF-κB and NLRP3 Pathways

Macrophage galactose-C type lectin (MGL)1 receptor is involved in the recognition of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) parasites and is important for the modulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanism by which MGL1 promotes resistance to T. cruzi remains unclear. Here, we show that MGL1 knockout macrophages (MGL1−/− Mφ) infected in vitro with T. cruzi were heavily parasitized and showed decreased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), IL-12 and TNF-α compared to wild-type macrophages (WT Mφ). MGL1−/− Mφ stimulated in vitro with T. cruzi antigen (TcAg) showed low expression of TLR-2, TLR-4 and MHC-II, which resulted in deficient splenic cell activation compared with similar co-cultured WT Mφ. Importantly, the activation of p-ERK1/2, p-c-Jun and p-NF-κB p65 were significantly reduced in MGL1−/− Mφ exposed to TcAg. Similarly, procaspase 1, caspase 1 and NLRP3 inflammasome also displayed a reduced expression that was associated with low IL-β production. Our data reveal a previously unappreciated role for MGL1 in Mφ activation through the modulation of ERK1/2, c-Jun, NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways, and to the development of protective innate immunity against experimental T. cruzi infection