Effect of Different Preparations of Fluoride Gel on Salivary pH of Albino Rats

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different preparations of fluoride gels on the salivary pH of albino rats. Material and Methods: This experimental study consisted of 40 Albino rats randomly divided into four equal groups. Group A was the control group and received no intervention. Experimental group B received a topical application of 0.2% sodium fluoride gel. Experimental group C received topical application of stannous fluoride gel 0.4%. Experimental group D received topical application of APF gel (1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel). The different preparations of the gels were applied once daily for 4 minutes on the occlusal surface of the right maxillary molars for 14 days. Salivary pH values were recorded immediately after the application of gels with the help of pH paper on day 1 and day 14. Results: There was a significant difference in the pH level of groups B, C and D after 14 days of fluoride application (p < 0.05). The non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test was applied for the comparison between the groups. Conclusion: This study concluded that all the fluoride gels after administration caused the acidic pH of saliva with the most acidic effect produced by APF gel

Histologic Effects of Carbonated Drinks on Rat Kidney

Background: To study the histologic effects of carbonated drinks on rat kidneys Methods: In this experimental animal study histological changes on rat kidney caused by chronic consumption of carbonated drinks were observed. Thirty adult Wistar rats with average weight of 200g were randomly assigned into three groups, ten per group . Group A and B served as treatment groups while group C served as the control. The rats in group A were administered a randomly selected carbonated drink ad libitum for thirty days. Rats in group B were given ad libitum access to carbonated drink for sixty days and animals in group C were given water. The rats in group A and B were sacrificed in CO2 and Chloroform chamber on day 30 and 60 respectively. The abdominal region was quickly opened and the kidney dissected out and fixed in 10% formal saline. Deparaffinized sections were stained routinely with haematoxylin and eosin (H & E).Results: H and E stain study revealed glomeruli congestion and inflammatory cell infiltrate in group A specimens. The specimens of group B showed glomeruli congestion along with tubular necrosis and nuclear cell disturbance.Conclusion: Long term consumption of carbonated drinks adversely affects histology of kidney, and the deterioration of cells increases with increase in the consumption of beverage

Antimicrobial FiteBac® K21 promotes antimicrobial Potency and wound healing

Objectives: Successful root canal therapy is dependent on the efficacy of complete instrumentation and adequate use of chemical irrigant to eliminate the biofilm from dentin surface. The aim of the study was to examine antibiofilm and antimicrobial effectiveness of newly formulated Quaternary ammonium silane (QAS/also codenamed K21; against Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) and Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm on radicular dentin with evaluation of the anti-inflammatory consequence in vivo. Methods: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed after complete hydrolysis of K21 solution. Human teeth were inoculated with biofilms for 7-days followed by treatment with various irrigants. The irrigant groups were Sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl (6%)], Chlorhexidine [CHX (2%)], K21 (0.5%), K21 (1%) and Saline. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed for biofilm and resin-dentin penetration. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of biofilms was done to evaluate application of K21. For in vivo evaluation, Albino wistar rats were injected subcutaneously and sections were stained with haematoxylin/eosin. Macrophage, M1/M2 expression were evaluated along with molecular simulation. Raman measurements were done on dried biofilms. Results: FTIR K21 specimens demonstrated presence of ethanol/silanol groups. Raman band at 1359 cm−1 resemble to –CH2- wagging displaying 29Si atoms in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). 0.5%K21 showed cells exhibiting folded membranes. SEM showed staggering amount of resin tags with 0.5% K21 group. TEM showed membrane disruption in K21-groups. K21 groups were initially irritant, which subsided completely afterwards showing increased CD68. K21 and MMP/collagen complex was thermodynamically favourable. Conclusion: K21 root canal irrigant was able to penetrate bacterial wall and can serve as a potential irrigant for therapeutic benefits. Expression of M2 polarized subsets showed K21 can serve in resolving inflammation and potentiate tissue repair