Communication of persons with mental disorders

Mental disorders cover a wide spectrum of various diseases, including organic, symptomatic, neurotic, affective diseases, schizophrenic and craziness diseases, mental backwardness and other mental disorders as well as mental disorders and behavioural diseases caused by the use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol, tobacco, drugs and other, traditionally called diseases of addiction. The problems in communication with the persons with mental disorders are often connected with the nature of their disabilities. The psychotic patients have quite developed and saved senses, but they have difficulties in the processing and interpretation of what they hear, see and touch. The speech of the persons with mental disabilities is poor and with a limited vocabulary. it reflects with a disability in the mental processes, emotions and motivation. The face expression of the persons with acute mental disabilities does not match the verbal message, and is usually expressed as illogical thinking processes in the form of illusions an hallucinations. To be able to enable persons with mental disabilities to communicate, we should do the following: • in the communication with the users we have to be patient, with a high level of tolerance and respect towards the personality of the user; • a shorter transfer of communication is better, a shorter exchange, use of simple, short sentences, giving different shapes of social support e.g. organizing different games, walks in nature, collation of the psychical appearance with the purpose to encourage a certain type of interaction; • it is not good to interfere with the hallucinogenic contents of the user and • it’s necessary to understand, accept and support their feelings with the purpose to develop a mutual trust. With the users who have a certain type of communication limitations regarding their abilities it is necessary: • to talk loud and clearly with a certain normal speed with the purpose, the user to understand the content of the message easily; • if we notice that the user has not understood the message we are sending towards him, it is necessary to repeat the message, but use different words; • it is desirable to accept a certain member of the user’s family that would aid as a mediator in the communication of the user and as a source for gaining information; • to check if the user has understood what we’ve told him by the repetition or via short summarizing of the conversational content; • Using other forms of communication (sign language, written messages or pictures); • not to make fast conclusions of what the user is saying, but change of the type of communication (use of additional questions of a closed type - yes or no) and • to motivate the user’s memory, to remind him/her of a certain therapy or a certain event that occurred recently

Communication of persons with mental disorders

Mental disorders cover a wide spectrum of various diseases, including organic, symptomatic, neurotic, affective diseases, schizophrenic and craziness diseases, mental backwardness and other mental disorders as well as mental disorders and behavioural diseases caused by the use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol, tobacco, drugs and other, traditionally called diseases of addiction. The problems in communication with the persons with mental disorders are often connected with the nature of their disabilities. The psychotic patients have quite developed and saved senses, but they have difficulties in the processing and interpretation of what they hear, see and touch. The speech of the persons with mental disabilities is poor and with a limited vocabulary. it reflects with a disability in the mental processes, emotions and motivation. The face expression of the persons with acute mental disabilities does not match the verbal message, and is usually expressed as illogical thinking processes in the form of illusions an hallucinations. To be able to enable persons with mental disabilities to communicate, we should do the following: • in the communication with the users we have to be patient, with a high level of tolerance and respect towards the personality of the user; • a shorter transfer of communication is better, a shorter exchange, use of simple, short sentences, giving different shapes of social support e.g. organizing different games, walks in nature, collation of the psychical appearance with the purpose to encourage a certain type of interaction; • it is not good to interfere with the hallucinogenic contents of the user and • it’s necessary to understand, accept and support their feelings with the purpose to develop a mutual trust. With the users who have a certain type of communication limitations regarding their abilities it is necessary: • to talk loud and clearly with a certain normal speed with the purpose, the user to understand the content of the message easily; • if we notice that the user has not understood the message we are sending towards him, it is necessary to repeat the message, but use different words; • it is desirable to accept a certain member of the user’s family that would aid as a mediator in the communication of the user and as a source for gaining information; • to check if the user has understood what we’ve told him by the repetition or via short summarizing of the conversational content; • Using other forms of communication (sign language, written messages or pictures); • not to make fast conclusions of what the user is saying, but change of the type of communication (use of additional questions of a closed type - yes or no) and • to motivate the user’s memory, to remind him/her of a certain therapy or a certain event that occurred recently

Pretreatment with Pancaspase Inhibitor (Z-VAD-FMK) Delays but Does Not Prevent Intraperitoneal Heat-Killed Group B Streptococcus-Induced Preterm Delivery in a Pregnant Mouse Model

Caspases and apoptosis are thought to play a role in infection-associated preterm-delivery. We have shown that in vitro treatment with pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK protects trophoblasts from microbial antigen-induced apoptosis. Objective. To examine whether in vivo administration of Z-VAD-FMK would prevent infection-induced preterm-delivery. Methods. We injected 14.5 day-pregnant-mice with heat-killed group B streptococcus (HK-GBS). Apoptosis within placentas and membranes was assessed by TUNEL staining. Calpain expression and caspase-3 activation were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Preterm-delivery was defined as expulsion of a fetus within 48 hours after injection. Results. Intrauterine (i.u.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) HK-GBS injection led to preterm-delivery and induced apoptosis in placentas and membranes at 14 hours. The expression of calpain, a caspase-independent inducer of apoptosis, was increased in placenta. Treatment with the specific caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (i.p.) prior to HK-GBS (i.p.) delayed but did not prevent preterm-delivery. Conclusion. Caspase-dependent apoptosis appears to play a role in the timing but not the occurrence of GBS-induced preterm delivery in the mouse

An Android application for monitoring the problems in ALICE Grid

This project is developing an Android application, which will help in monitoring of the ALICE Grid of computers. It uses a lot of Android related technologies, Cloud solutions and server side programming. It is supposed all users to get notifications for the events that are from their interest. This application will contribute to notify the users in real time, in which way the existing problems will be solved faster

Synergy Between Viral and Bacterial Toll-Like Receptors Leads to Amplification of Inflammatory Responses and Preterm Labor in the Mouse1

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize molecular constituents of pathogens and activate host innate immune responses. TLR2 responds to Gram-positive organisms and components of their cell walls. TLR3 responds to double-stranded RNA (an intermediate in viral replication). A mouse macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and freshly obtained mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated in tissue culture for 5 or 10 h with either peptidoglycan (PGN; a TLR2 ligand, 1 μg/ml), polyinosinic:cytidylic acid (poly(I:C); a TLR3 ligand, 10 μg/ml), both PGN and poly(I:C), or neither. Total RNA was extracted, and RT-PCR was performed. A mouse model of preterm birth induced by intrauterine injection of TLR ligands was used to test in vivo effects. Compared to stimulation with either PGN or poly(I:C) alone, stimulation of macrophages with both ligands (whether simultaneously or sequentially) resulted in synergistic expression of inflammatory mediators, including inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin 1 beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and the chemokine CCL5 (RANTES). Using peritoneal macrophages obtained from mutant and control mice, this synergy was determined to be dependent upon TLR2 and the TLR-related intracellular adaptor proteins MYD88 and TICAM1 (TRIF). Simultaneous administration of both PGN and poly(I:C) to pregnant mice also produced dramatic synergy in the occurrence of preterm delivery. These results support a possible role for viral infection in preterm labor. Synergy in the mechanisms of parturition suggests the existence of a “two-hit” trigger mechanism that minimizes responses to stimuli of limited biological significance while providing an efficient amplification strategy for rapid activation of labor in response to multiple or more severe insults

Psycho-social rehabilitation of children sexually abused at pedophilia and incest

Sexual abuse of children exists when child is used to satisfy the sexual needs of an adult person who shall invade bodily integrity of the child and attack on his freedom by forcing, threats or pressure for sexual "awakening" or activity of the child. Pedophilia (greek paidos-child + fileo-love) is a sexual preference of adult person to children before age of puberty or sexual perversion that is characterized by sexual desire of adults to children. Incest is sexual abuse of a child from a person that is related to the child, whether by blood or marriage. Worldwide about one million children are victims of sexual abuse each year. Statistics shows that 1 in 4 girls and 1 in 5 boys before 18 - year age experience some form of sexual abuse. Around 75% children are abused by people which they knew and trusted. Studies conducted in Macedonia show that 2-3 children a week are becoming victims of sexual abuse. Around 15-25% of women and 5-15% of men were sexually abused as children. In Macedonia each year 800-1000 children are victims of various sexual attacks. Forms of work with child victims: individual, group and social. Techniques and treatment methods which are used with children-victims: role play, art therapy etc. Key words: sexual abuse, pedophilia, incest, child victims