Историја на конфликтите во Ирак

Територијата на денешен Ирак во минатото била една од трите поранешни провинции на Османлиската Империја. Во 1920 година со мандат на Лигата на народите станува британска колонија, под раководство на кралот Фаизал, синот на Шериф Хусеин од Мека. За ова бил потпишан договор помеѓу Ирак и Британија. На 03.10.1932 година мандатот на Британија завршува и Ирак станува независна држава. На 18 декември 2011 година, САД ги повлекуваат своите војници од Ирак со мисијата „Операција нова зора“. Американските официјални претставници преговараа со ирачката влада за одржување на мало воено присуство во Ирак, но таков договор не беше постигнат поради одредени правни регулативи. Сепак, до крајот на 2011 година, во Ирак останаа околу 150 војници задолжени за обука во американската амбасада и мала група на маринци задолжени за заштита на високи дипломати

Историја на конфликтите во Сирија

Долг временски период низ историјата Сирија била под османлиско владеење, кое завршува околу 30 години по завршувањето на Првата светска војна (1914-1918). Од 1918 година па натаму нешто повеќе од две децении Сирија останува под контрола на француската администрација. Сириската популација предоминантно ја сочинуваат сунитските муслимани, но има бројни религиски малцинства како: муслиманите Алавити, Друзи, христијани и Курди. Фамилијата на Асад припаѓа на Алавитите кои успеваат да бидат на високи политички функции подолг период, како и економијата и вооружените сили. Почетните аспекти за решавање на Сириската војна, почнувајќи од 2013 година кога почнува да се зголемува интензитетот на борбени дејствија па наваму, беа три работи кои беа најважни за да се намали нејзиниот интензитет: рестрикција на меѓународните рути за набавка на оружје, стриктни мерки за забрана на секаков вид оружје за масовно уништување и интензивни преговори со спротивставените страни преку медијаторство од меѓународни актери. Осмата година од Сирискиот конфликт произведе повеќе од 5,6 милиони сириски бегалци и 6,1 милиони внатрешно раселени лица до март 2018 година. Повеќе од 13 милиони луѓе во Сирија бараат хуманитарна помош, вклучително и околу 6 милиони деца

Introduction of the unified communications and information system E-112

The introduction of the European emergency number 112 in the Republic of Macedonia should provide benefits that will be implemented and regulated in accordance with the European legislative framework. This number has already provided numerous benefits to all member states of the European Union. Its implementation should be supported by the introduction of the latest communication and information technology solutions, hardware and software solutions tailored to the situation in the country. It will replace four current phone numbers for emergency calls that are a responsibility of the Ministry of Interior (192), local fire units (193), emergency care (194) and the Center for Crisis Management (195). These numbers are planned to be replaced by the European emergency number 112 together with its full implementation in the integrated information - communication center. Keywords: European number 112; solutions; information systems; implementation; countries; communities; benefit; unificatio

Historical Perspectives and Legal Aspects of Cyber Warfare

Historical development of cyber warfare follows three major historical periods: first period follows the technological advances of information technology during the 1980s until the end of the Cold War in 1990, second period is from the end of the Cold War to the terrorist attacks in United States during 11-th september 2001 year and the third period  is from the terrorist attacks in United States during 11-th september 2001 year onwards. Each of the mentioned historical periods follows a specific doctrine and strategy of dealing with the national security threats from cyberspace. The world super powers and the world states, introduce appropriate strategies and national policies to deal with the consequences of this kind of warfare. Expression of cyberspace is linked to a short story titled "Burning Chrome" in the 1982 year written by American author William Gibson. In the following years, this word turned out to be conspicuously related to online PC systems. According to NATO, people are part of cyberspace.  According to this, NATO defines that cyberspace is more than just internet, including not only hardware, software and information systems, but also peoples and social interaction with these networks. The first cyber warfare weapon ever known in history was Stuxnet. Stuxnet\u27s objective was to physically annihilate a military target. Stuxnet has contaminated more than 60,000 PCs around the world, mostly in Iran. While international cooperation is essential, each nation should in near future develop a National foundation, its own national cyber security strategy, authorities and capabilities. Every nation state, should  require effective coordination and cooperation among governmental entities at the national and sub-national levels as well as the private sector and civil society. The main hypothesis of this paper is to present the historical development and perspectives of cyber warfare and accordingly propose the best legal concepts, national doctrines and strategies for dealing with this modern type of warfare

NATO and EU role in dealing with COVID-19

Starting withhistorical premise that every century for the past few centuries, we have at least one pandemic such as: flu, fever, plague and other types of viruses.So according to this, if we make an historical review and analysis we will see that some of them have caused greater human losses thanthe First and Second world war.The introductory part of our paper will give a brief historical overview of the global pandemic that have occurredthe world in the last few centuries and along with this, which lessons have the worldlearned from them. In our paper, we will focus on the analysisof NATO and the European Union role in dealing with COVID-19. Here we will analyze: NATO and EU readiness to respond to military and non-military crises, their capacities and capabilities, taking effectivemeasures to respond on COVID-19 crisis, logisticalcapabilities and coordination, critical points of NATO and EU missionin order effectively to respond on COVID-19 crisis, operational and action plan and their preparation for the next waves of COVID-19,NATO and EU level of political and military diplomacy with China and Russia for support and overcoming COVID-19 more effectively. Further, NATO and EU preparations for establishment of a crisis response force for COVID-19, level of complementarity and cooperation between NATO and EU in dealing with COVID-19, NATO and EU medium- and long-term plans for effective response to COVID-19 and their other measures and activities. Having in mind, the above mentions measures and activities of NATO andEU for dealing with COVID-19, the main goal of this paper will be to make an historical overview and analysis ofeffects from already taken measures and activities from NATO andEU, as well as further directions for improvementofoverall activity in dealing with COVID-19

Expert system for managing logistic processes

The management of resources is one of the three most important areas of management in defense, besides the information management and the human resources management. By defining the concepts of Information Systems, decision support systems, expert systems, as well as their component parts, the possibilities they offer and the way of their functioning, we have made an attempt to present the Logistics Information System as an Expert System. The growing importance and the need for fast, timely and continuous logistic support of military units imposes the need for introducing a computer automated system which will increase the work efficiency and will save time for managers and decision makers at all levels of the Command and Control in the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Macedonia. Having accurate information in appropriate time, especially regarding the availability of material resources, is a prerequisite for effectively managing logistic processes and for successfully performing tasks by military units. Key words: information systems, systems, resources, military, manager, management of resources, logistics, information use, expert systems

Historical perspectives of euro-atlantic path on republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract: After the NATO summit in Bucharest 2008 year, focus of NATO discussions on issues for further enlargement has been on considering the opportunities for admission of interested countries with an Action Plan for membership in NATO of SEE including Bosnia and Herzegovina.n Bosnia and Herzegovina's road to EU in our paper will be analyzed through the following key events: 2008 entry in force on internal agreement with EU for stabilization and association, 2010 visa liberalization with EU, 2015 full implementation of Stabilization and Association Agreement, February 2016 Bosnia and Herzegovina submits its application for EU membership, September 2016 European Council invites European Commission to give its opinion on EU membership application. Parallel on Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina way to EU also NATO path will be analyzed. Integration path to NATO has been set through more scientific variables which are fundamental basic conditions for NATO integration: political, economic, judicial reforms, defense reforms, interior ministry and so on. An analysis and assessment will be make from strategic position in relation with following variables: projection of overall defense forces, internal borders, new types of threats to national security, deterrence ability, influence on EU and NATO's cohesion. Comparison of defense spending will be make with NATO member states from SEE: Republic of Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro. Research analysis also will be make from: World bank, EU commission, Freedom House estimates and other international organizations for overall analysis and assessment on fulfillment of basic criteria for membership in NATO and EU: political, economic, military and final observations based on numerical parameters for final assessments of meeting criteria for NATO and EU membership for short term period of next five years till 2024 year. Key words: criteria, challenges, NATO, EU, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH

Learning and motivation

Abstract: Everything in our lives is underlined with some sort of motivation. This includes our students and their motivation to learn. Motivation is essential for learning and represent a driving force for students to complete their tasks and to build their knowledge. There are many factors which could potentially influence motivation, which makes research on this topic as it relates to learning diverse and abundant. However, motivational considerations can be summed up as being either task or ego-oriented. For facilitating task-oriented learning is recommend that teachers evaluate student performance based on an absolute scale rather than on a scale that compares student performance against each other, emphasize student participation and self-improvement in learning and incorporate test questions that require explanations and justifications rather than memorized material. Students are motivated by knowing that what they are learning has a greater purpose. They want to know that what they learn in the classroom has relevance and significance to their daily lives. Students who are motivated conduct themselves in ways that maximize learning and success in academic environment. Motivated students attend classes on a regular basis without a need for external rewards, they seek additional help when is needed and they turn in quality work on time. On the other hand, unmotivated students minimize the effort they exert, which result in continued poor performance. Based on this concept, students are motivated to learn if they perceive having adequate support from their social environment and their master skills have positive social effect in real life. Students feel this sense of belonging if they believe their teachers are supportive of social aspects in the classroom, such as promoting interaction and respect among students. The purpose of this paper is to review research conducted on student motivation on learning and in the process to identify teaching methods which are motivating students to learn

Status and challenges of the defense reforms in the republic of Serbia for Euro-Atlantic integration

The main objective of this paper is to present the results of Serbia as a member of the A-5 group of SEE countries, which on the regional level through the Regional Cooperation Council has achieved good results, but on the national level this country should performed further reforms in the field of defense for Euro-Atlantic integration. Concrete steps in establishing the cooperation with the Partnership for Peace, the union of Serbia and Montenegro were submitted on 19.06.2003. The Military representatives of the Republic of Serbia in NATO for the first time were established on 27.09.2010, with the main task to represent the armed forces of Serbia in NATO headquarters in Brussels. Republic of Serbia in 2012 for the first time participated in crisis management operations in the EU. The main hypothesis is: Where is and where should be the Republic of Serbia in implementing the necessary defense reforms for Euro-Atlantic integration? The main hypothesis will be proven through the use of historical method and analysis of Serbian defense reforms. The reform process in some of the SEE countries is well under way. Some of them are waiting for an invitation and some of SEE countries have political disagreements or they have national problems which are not yet solved. One of the SEE countries which is on the way for Euro-аtlantic integration is Republic of Serbia. But having in mind the current military-political reforms and situation, the consent of NATO and EU accession of the Republic of Serbia in the Euro-Atlantic family and chronological change of public opinion in the Republic of Serbia for membership in NATO and the EU will be the auxiliary hypotheses in this paper. Keywords: interoperability, defense reform, Republic of Serbia, NATO, E

Status and challenges on defense reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina for Nato integration

Аfter the NATO summit in Bucharest in 2008, the focus of NATO discussions related to further enlargement has been directed towards considering the opportunities for admission of the interested countries from the region of Southeastern Europe. Most of them were countries with an Action Plan for membership in NATO for Southeastern Europe. Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of those countries. At the same time the Bosnia and Herzegovina's integration path to NATO has been set through more dependent scientific variables and indicators which are fundamental foundations for meeting the basic conditions for NATO integration, such as: political, economic and judicial reforms, defense reforms, Interior Ministry, etc. The comprehensive analysis of the defense reforms focused on expenditures of the state's annual budget in relation to the number of armed forces and the needs for progressive increase in the defense budget. In addition, the strategic position of Bosnia and Herzegovina was analyzed and assessed in relation to the following variables: projection of the overall defense forces,internal borders, new types of risks and threats to the national security, deterrence ability and influence on the cohesion of NATO. As a conclusion, an overall numerical assessment of the strategic position was made. Comparison of the defense spending was made with other NATO member states from Southeast Europe, such as the Republic of Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro. An analysis of the transformation of the number and effectiveness of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina has been made with the countries of Southeast Europe which are NATO members and have approximately the same population, such as the Republic of Croatia and Albania. Research analysis has also been done on Freedom House estimates in order to make an overall analysis and assessment of the fulfillment of the basic criteria for membership of Bosnia and Herzegovina in NATO: political, economic, military and final observations based on numerical parameters for Bosnia and Herzegovina's concluding assessments of the meeting criteria for NATO membership by 2020. Keywords: criteria, challenges, defense reforms, NATO integration, Bosnia and Herzegovin