Degree distributions under general node removal: Power-law or Poisson?

Perturbations made to networked systems may result in partial structural loss, such as a blackout in a power-grid system. Investigating the resultant disturbance in network properties is quintessential to understand real networks in action. The removal of nodes is a representative disturbance, but previous studies are seemingly contrasting about its effect on arguably the most fundamental network statistic, the degree distribution. The key question is about the functional form of the degree distributions that can be altered during node removal or sampling, which is decisive in the remaining subnetwork's static and dynamical properties. In this work, we clarify the situation by utilizing the relative entropies with respect to the reference distributions in the Poisson and power-law form. Introducing general sequential node removal processes with continuously different levels of hub protection to encompass a series of scenarios including random removal and preferred or protective removal of the hub, we classify the altered degree distributions starting from various power-law forms by comparing two relative entropy values. From the extensive investigation in various scenarios based on direct node-removal simulations and by solving the rate equation of degree distributions, we discover in the parameter space two distinct regimes, one where the degree distribution is closer to the power-law reference distribution and the other closer to the Poisson distribution.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

Comparison of postoperative changes in the distal and proximal segments between conventional and sliding mini-plate fixation following mandibular setback

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the postoperative three-dimensional (3D) changes in the proximal segments after mandibular setback sagittal split ramus osteotomy and to compare the changes between the conventional mini-plate fixation and semi-rigid sliding plate fixation

Comprehensive understanding of cathodic and anodic polarization effects on stability of nanoscale oxygen electrode for reversible solid oxide cells

Whereas solid oxide cells (SOCs), which perform dual functions of power generation (fuel-cell mode) and energy storage (electrolysis mode) with high efficiency at high temperatures, are considered a potent candidate for future energy management systems, it is yet far from their practical use due to the fact that the stable long-term operations have not been achieved. Particularly, degradations of oxygen-electrode in the both electrolysis and fuel-cell operations are considered as the most imminent issues that should be overcome. Unfortunately, even the origins and mechanisms of degradation in the oxygen-electrode have not been clearly established due to the difficulties in precise assessments of microstructural/compositional changes of porous electrode, which is a typical form in actual solid oxide cells, and due to the diversities in operating conditions, electrode structure and material, fabrication history, and so on. We simultaneously investigated the degradation phenomena in electrolysis and fuel-cell operations for 540h using identical two half cells composed of a geometrically well-defined, nanoscale La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) dense film with a thickness of ~ 70 nm on Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ electrolyte. Owing to the benefit of well-defined geometry of LSCF thin film, the microstructural/compositional changes in LSCF films were successfully analyzed in nanoscale, and the correlation between the components of electrochemical impedance and the major origins resulting in degradations was clarified. Furthermore, we suggest the most probable degradation mechanisms, and importantly, it is newly suggested that kinetic demixing/decomposition of LSCF, which is not readily observable in the typical porous-structured electrode, are highly probable to affect the both fuel-cell and electrolysis long-term degradations

Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 Facilitates Cerebrospinal Fluid Formation by Regulating Aquaporin-1 Synthesis in the Brain

In the brain, aquaporin-1 (AQP-1), a water channel for high osmotic water permeability, is mainly expressed in the apical membrane of the ventricular choroid plexus and regulates formation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Although the physiology of AQP-1 has been the subject of several publications, much less is known about the trans-acting factors involved in the control of AQP-1 gene expression. Here we report that TTF-1, a homeodomain-containing transcriptional regulator, is coexpressed with AQP-1 in the rat brain choroid plexus and enhances AQP-1 gene transcription by binding to conserved core TTF-1-binding motifs in the 5'-flanking region of the AQP-1 gene. Intracerebroventricular administration of an antisense TTF-1 oligodeoxynucleotide significantly decreased AQP-1 synthesis and reduced CSF formation. In addition, blockade of TTF-1 synthesis increased survival of the animals following acute water intoxication-induced brain edema. These results suggest that TTF-1 is physiologically involved in the transcriptional control of AQP-1, which is required for CSF formation

Measurement of Blood Pressure Using an Arterial Pulsimeter Equipped with a Hall Device

To measure precise blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate without using a cuff, we have developed an arterial pulsimeter consisting of a small, portable apparatus incorporating a Hall device. Regression analysis of the pulse wave measured during testing of the arterial pulsimeter was conducted using two equations of the BP algorithm. The estimated values of BP obtained by the cuffless arterial pulsimeter over 5 s were compared with values obtained using electronic or liquid mercury BP meters. The standard deviation between the estimated values and the measured values for systolic and diastolic BP were 8.3 and 4.9, respectively, which are close to the range of values of the BP International Standard. Detailed analysis of the pulse wave measured by the cuffless radial artery pulsimeter by detecting changes in the magnetic field can be used to develop a new diagnostic algorithm for BP, which can be applied to new medical apparatus such as the radial artery pulsimeter